The impact of L-citrulline on murine intestinal cell integrity, immune response, and arginine metabolism in the face of Giardia lamblia infection.

Giardiasis is an intestinal protozoal disease caused by Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia) which is a major worldwide health problem due to development of resistance to commonly used drugs. Therefore, it is necessary to identify an effective drug for giardiasis. This study aimed to assess the therapeutic role of L-citrulline against giardiasis in experimental animals. 40 male Swiss Albino weaned rats were used in this study, divided into four groups. Group I: normal control; group II: infected un-treated; group III: infected and treated with L-citrulline and Group IV: infected and treated with metronidazole. The efficacy was evaluated by counting Giardia trophozoites in the intestinal mucosa and cysts in the stool of infected rats. Histopathological analyses, immunohistochemistry expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the small intestine tissues were performed. Along with, serum IL6, the intestinal arginase enzyme level and giardial flavohemoglobin (flavoHb) expression were measured. L-citrulline administration reduced the mean number of G. lamblia cysts and trophozoites, serum IL-6, and intestinal arginase enzyme levels. Furthermore, the intestinal brush border was restored, with a reduction in the inflammatory infiltrate and an increase in iNOS activity. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in flavoHb gene expression in both the L-citrulline and metronidazole treated groups. Thus L-citrulline is effective in NO production therefore it has a therapeutic potential in controlling giardiasis.

Modulatory effect of simvastatin on redox status, caspase-3 expression, p-protein kinase B (p-Akt), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in an ethanol-induced neurodegeneration model.

Neurodegenerative diseases are a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with oxidative stress, inflammation, and protein aggregation representing the main underlying mechanisms that ultimately lead to cell death. Ethanol has shown strong neurodegenerative consequences in experimental animal brains. Statins are a class of lipid-lowering drugs with many pleotropic effects. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to explore the modulatory effect of simvastatin (10 mg·kg-1·day-1) before and after the development of neurodegeneration (for 55 and 25 days, respectively) on redox state, caspase-3 expression, p-protein kinase B (p-Akt), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in ethanol-induced (15% ethanol solution for 55 days) neurodegeneration. Seventy female Albino Swiss mice were included and randomly divided into five groups: C, control group; E, ethanol group; ES, group treated with simvastatin from the first day of ethanol intake; E + S, group treated with simvastatin after neurodegeneration development; and S, simvastatin group. Administration of simvastatin from the first day improved the biochemical changes, suppressed apoptosis, and induced autophagy and neurogenesis; however, its administration after the development of neurodegeneration resulted in partial improvement. The histopathological findings confirmed the biochemical changes. In conclusion, simvastatin has a neuroprotective effect against the development of ethanol-induced neurodegeneration and its progression.