Experiences of nurses within a nurse-led multidisciplinary approach in providing care for patients with diabetic foot ulcer.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Diabetic foot ulcers require special attention due to their complex and chronic nature and special care and the Nurse-led approach has emerged in the current situation in response to the increasing need for health care as a way to treat chronic patients and provide them with ongoing care. Providing this specialized duty in nursing can be promoted and enhanced the professional independence of nurses and presents challenges. This study has been conducted to make an understanding of the nurses' experiences about their participation in a nurse-led multidisciplinary team to providing care for patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcer. METHODS: This was a qualitative, phenomenological research, carried out with the participation of 8 nurses of Shariaty Hospital of Tehran. Data collection was done through in-depth and semi structured interview. Dieklemann method was used for data analysis. RESULTS: 2 themes and 4 categories emerged during data analysis: antecedents (background and nursing skills) and manifestation of multidisciplinary function (from despair to tranquility, professional worthiness, promotion of self-confidence, preference of multidisciplinary approach). CONCLUSION: The findings of this study, which were the lived experiences of the participants, indicated that most of them had experienced positive effect of nurse-led multidisciplinary team care, training and development, appropriate skill mix, quality and outcome of care. Therefore, despite working on a multidisciplinary team is complex and demanding, management attributions and communication strategies is well situated to meet the challenge.

Referral system in rural Iran: improvement proposals.

Because of insufficient communication between primary health care providers and specialists, which leads to inefficiencies and ineffectiveness in rural population health outcomes, to implement a well-functioning referral system is one of the most important tasks for some countries. Using purposive and snowballing sampling methods, we included health experts, policy-makers, family physicians, clinical specialists, and experts from health insurance organizations in this study according to pre-determined criteria. We recorded all interviews, transcribed and analyzed their content using qualitative methods. We extracted 1,522 individual codes initially. We also collected supplementary data through document review. From reviews and summarizations, four main themes, ten subthemes, and 24 issues emerged from the data. The solutions developed were: care system reform, education system reform, payment system reform, and improves in culture-building and public education. Given the executive experience, the full familiarity, the occupational and geographical diversity of participants, the solutions proposed in this study could positively affect the implementation and improvement of the referral system in Iran. The suggested solutions are complementary to each other and have less interchangeability.

Referral system in rural Iran: improvement proposals / O sistema de encaminhamento de pacientes na zona rural do Irã: propostas para melhorias / Sistema de derivación sanitario en zonas rurales de Irán: propuestas de mejora

Because of insufficient communication between primary health care providers and specialists, which leads to inefficiencies and ineffectiveness in rural population health outcomes, to implement a well-functioning referral system is one of the most important tasks for some countries. Using purposive and snowballing sampling methods, we included health experts, policy-makers, family physicians, clinical specialists, and experts from health insurance organizations in this study according to pre-determined criteria. We recorded all interviews, transcribed and analyzed their content using qualitative methods. We extracted 1,522 individual codes initially. We also collected supplementary data through document review. From reviews and summarizations, four main themes, ten subthemes, and 24 issues emerged from the data. The solutions developed were: care system reform, education system reform, payment system reform, and improves in culture-building and public education. Given the executive experience, the full familiarity, the occupational and geographical diversity of participants, the solutions proposed in this study could positively affect the implementation and improvement of the referral system in Iran. The suggested solutions are complementary to each other and have less interchangeability.

Devido à comunicação insuficiente entre os profissionais de saúde na atenção primária e os especialistas, levando a ineficiências e ineficácias nos desfechos de saúde na população rural, a implementação de um sistema funcional de referência e contra-referência é uma das tarefas mais importantes para alguns países. Com o uso de métodos propositais e de "bola de neve", o estudo incluiu especialistas em saúde pública, gestores, especialistas clínicos e representantes de planos de saúde, de acordo com critérios predeterminados. Gravamos e transcrevemos todas as entrevistas, e depois analisamos o conteúdo através de métodos qualitativos. Inicialmente extraímos 1.522 códigos individuais. Também coletamos dados complementares através da revisão de documentos. A partir das revisões e resumos, emergiram dados sobre quatro temas principais, dez subtemas e 24 questões. Foram desenvolvidas as seguintes soluções: reforma do sistema de atenção, reforma do sistema de ensino, reforma do sistema de remuneração e melhorias na construção de cultura e no ensino público. Em função da experiência executiva, a familiaridade plena e a diversidade ocupacional e geográfica dos participantes, as soluções propostas pelo estudo poderiam impactar positivamente a implementação e melhoria do sistema de encaminhamento de pacientes no Irã. As soluções propostas se complementam e são menos intercambiáveis.

Debido a la insuficiente comunicación entre los responsables de la atención primaria y los especialistas, se producen ineficiencias y falta de eficacia en las condiciones de salud de la población rural iraní. Por ello, implementar un buen sistema de derivación sanitario es una de las tareas más importantes para algunos países. Usando un método de muestreo intencional y de bola de nieve, incluimos a expertos en salud, formuladores de políticas, médicos de familia, especialistas clínicos, y expertos del ámbito de las empresas de seguros de salud en este estudio, de acuerdo con criterios predeterminados. Grabamos todas las entrevistas, transcribimos y analizamos su contenido usando métodos cualitativos. En un principio se seleccionaron 1.522 códigos individuales. También obtuvimos datos complementarios a través de la revisión de documentación. Fruto de las revisiones y puestas en común, se obtuvieron 4 temas principales, 10 subtemas y 24 cuestiones que afloraron de estos datos. Las soluciones desarrolladas fueron: reforma del sistema de atención, reforma del sistema educativo, reforma del sistema de pago, y mejoras en la educación cultural y pública. Dada la experiencia ejecutiva, la gran sinceridad en las respuestas, la diversidad ocupacional y geográfica de los participantes, las soluciones propuestas en este estudio pueden afectar positivamente la implementación y mejora del sistema de derivación sanitario en Irán. Las soluciones sugeridas son complementarias entre ellas, aunque poseen una menor intercambiabilidad entre sí.

Assessing the quality of referral letters written by general practitioners: a cross-sectional study in rural Iran.

Establishing effective communication between general practitioners (GPs) and medical specialists is a key component of the referral system. Written communication between GPs and medical specialists is the most common communication tool. This study was conducted to evaluate quality (information content) of the referral letters written by GPs and addressed to gynecologists and cardiologists. We evaluated quality of the referral letters through a cross-sectional study in the villages of Sarab city, located in East Azerbaijan Province, Northwest Iran. The study was conducted during August and September 2015 in which a total of 400 referral letters were evaluated according to specific quality criteria. Cluster sampling was implemented and data were collected using an instrument designed by the Department of Family Medicine at the University of Manitoba, Canada. A specifically designed referral form was used to refer pregnant women to gynecologists. Referrals addressed to gynecologists showed better quality in comparison to cases referred to cardiologists. Legibility of referral letters was 73%. It is recommended that agreed-upon referral letters be designed cooperatively for different groups of diseases. Furthermore, primary health care providers should be trained to write proper referral letters.

Assessing the quality of referral letters written by general practitioners: a cross-sectional study in rural Iran / Avaliação da qualidade de cartas de encaminhamento escritas por clínicos gerais: um estudo transversal numa área rural do Irã / Evaluación de la calidad de cartas de derivación escritas por médicos generales: un estudio transversal en un área rural de Irán

Abstract: Establishing effective communication between general practitioners (GPs) and medical specialists is a key component of the referral system. Written communication between GPs and medical specialists is the most common communication tool. This study was conducted to evaluate quality (information content) of the referral letters written by GPs and addressed to gynecologists and cardiologists. We evaluated quality of the referral letters through a cross-sectional study in the villages of Sarab city, located in East Azerbaijan Province, Northwest Iran. The study was conducted during August and September 2015 in which a total of 400 referral letters were evaluated according to specific quality criteria. Cluster sampling was implemented and data were collected using an instrument designed by the Department of Family Medicine at the University of Manitoba, Canada. A specifically designed referral form was used to refer pregnant women to gynecologists. Referrals addressed to gynecologists showed better quality in comparison to cases referred to cardiologists. Legibility of referral letters was 73%. It is recommended that agreed-upon referral letters be designed cooperatively for different groups of diseases. Furthermore, primary health care providers should be trained to write proper referral letters.

Resumo: Um componente essencial do sistema de encaminhamento de pacientes é a comunicação efetiva entre clínicos gerais e especialistas. A comunicação escrita é a ferramenta de comunicação mais comum entre clínicos gerais e especialistas. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade (conteúdo da informação) de cartas de encaminhamento escritas por clínicos gerais e dirigidas a ginecologistas e cardiologistas. Os autores avaliaram a qualidade das cartas de encaminhamento através de um estudo transversal em aldeias em torno da cidade de Sarab, localizada na Província de Azerbaijão Oriental, no Noroeste do Irã. O estudo foi realizado em agosto e setembro de 2015, quando 400 cartas de encaminhamento foram avaliadas com base em critérios específicos de qualidade. O estudo adotou a amostragem por aglomerados, e os dados foram coletados através de um instrumento desenvolvido pelo Departamento de Medicina Familiar da Universidade de Manitoba, Canadá. Um formulário foi projetado especificamente para encaminhar as mulheres à ginecologia. As cartas de encaminhamento para a ginecologia mostraram qualidade superior quando comparadas aos casos encaminhados à cardiologia. A proporção de cartas legíveis foi 73%. Recomenda-se que cartas de encaminhamento sejam desenvolvidas em cooperação entre os departamentos, para diferentes grupos de doenças. Além disso, os médicos de atenção primária devem ser capacitados para redigir cartas de encaminhamento adequadas.

Resumen: Un componente esencial del sistema de derivación de pacientes es la comunicación efectiva entre médicos generales y especialistas. La comunicación escrita es la herramienta de comunicación más común entre médicos generales y especialistas. El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la calidad (contenido de la información) de cartas de derivación escritas por médicos generales y dirigidas a ginecólogos y cardiólogos. Los autores evaluaron la calidad de las cartas de derivación, a través de un estudio transversal en aldeas en torno a la ciudad de Sarab, localizada en la provincia de Azerbaiyán Oriental, en el noroeste de Irán. El estudio se realizó entre agosto y setiembre de 2015, cuando 400 cartas de derivación se evaluaron en base a criterios específicos de calidad. El estudio adoptó la muestra por aglomerados y los datos se recogieron a través de un instrumento desarrollado por el Departamento de Medicina Familiar de la Universidad de Manitoba, Canadá. Se proyectó un formulario específicamente para derivar a las mujeres a ginecología. Las cartas de derivación para ginecología mostraron calidad superior, cuando se comparan a los casos derivados a cardiología. La proporción de cartas legibles fue de un 73%. Se recomienda que las cartas de derivación sean desarrolladas en cooperación entre los departamentos, para diferentes grupos de enfermedades. Asimismo, los médicos de atención primaria deben estar capacitados para reenviar cartas de derivación adecuadas.

E-referral Solutions: Successful Experiences, Key Features and Challenges- a Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: around the world health systems constantly face increasing pressures which arise from many factors, such as an ageing population, patients and providers demands for equipment's and services. In order to respond these challenges and reduction of health system's transactional costs, referral solutions are considered as a key factor. This study was carried out to identify referral solutions that have had successes. METHODS: relevant studies identified using keywords of referrals, consultation, referral system, referral model, referral project, electronic referral, electronic booking, health system, healthcare, health service and medical care. These searches were conducted using PubMed, ProQuest, Google Scholar, Scopus, Emerald, Web of Knowledge, Springer, Science direct, Mosby's index, SID, Medlib and Iran Doc data bases. 4306 initial articles were obtained and refined step by step. Finally, 27 articles met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: we identified seventeen e-referral systems developed in UK, Norway, Finland, Netherlands, Denmark, Scotland, New Zealand, Canada, Australia, and U.S. Implemented solutions had variant degrees of successes such as improved access to specialist care, reduced wait times, timeliness and quality of referral communication, accurate health information transfer and integration of health centers and services. CONCLUSION: each one of referral solutions has both positive and changeable aspects that should be addressed according to sociotechnical conditions. These solutions are mainly formed in a small and localized manner.