The effects of previous abdominal surgery and the utilisation of modified access techniques on the operative difficulty and outcomes of laparoscopic cholecystectomy and bile duct exploration.

BACKGROUND: Early reports suggested that previous abdominal surgery was a relative contraindication to laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) on account of difficulty and potential access complications. This study analyses different types/systems of previous surgery and locations of scars and how they affect access difficulties. As modified access techniques to minimise risk of complications are under-reported the study details and evaluates them. METHOD: Prospectively collected data from consecutive LC and common bile duct explorations (LCBDE) performed by a single surgeon over 30 years was analysed. Previous abdominal surgery was documented and peri-operative outcomes were compared with patients who had no previous surgery using Chi-squared analysis. RESULTS: Of 5916 LC and LCBDE, 1846 patients (31.2%) had previous abdominal surgery. The median age was 60 years. Those with previous surgery required more frequent duodenal (RR 1.07; p = 0.023), hepatic flexure (RR 1.11; p = 0.043) and distal adhesiolysis (RR 3.57; p < 0.001) and had more access related bowel injuries (0.4% vs. 0.0%; p < 0.001). Previous upper gastrointestinal and biliary surgery had the highest rates of adhesiolysis (76.3%), difficult cystic pedicles (58.8%), fundus-first approach (7.2%), difficulty grades (64.9% Grades 3-5) and utilisation of abdominal drains (71.1%). Previous open surgery resulted in longer operative time compared to previous laparoscopic procedures (65vs.55 min; p < 0.001), increased difficulty of pedicle dissection (42.4% vs. 36.0%; p < 0.05) and required more duodenal, hepatic flexure and distant adhesiolysis (p < 0.05) and fundus-first dissection (4% vs 2%; p < 0.05). Epigastric and supraumbilical access and access through umbilical and other hernias were used in 163 patients (8.8%) with no bowel complications. CONCLUSION: The risks of access and adhesiolysis in patients with previous abdominal scars undergoing biliary surgery are dependent on the nature of previous surgery. Previous open, upper gastrointestinal and biliary surgery carried the most significant risks. Modified access techniques can be adopted to safely mitigate these risks.

The "Basket-in-Catheter" technique: facilitating transcystic bile duct exploration and optimising the management of suspected ductal stones.

The 'Basket-in-Catheter' (BIC) technique facilitates basket-only laparoscopic transcystic exploration (LTCE), increasing its success rate. Using the cholangiography catheter as a sheath is easier and safer than inserting the wire basket-alone. This study evaluates its benefits in confirmed and suspected ductal stones. Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data on patients with pre-operative or operative suspicion of bile duct stones or with positive and equivocal intraoperative cholangiographies (IOC) who had LTCE attempted using blind basket trawling, without choledochoscopy, were reviewed. The incidence and outcomes of blind basket LTCEs attempted before and after introducing the BIC technique, whether or not stones were retrieved, were analysed. Blind basket LTCE was attempted in 732 patients. Of 377 (51.5%) patients undergoing successful stone retrieval, only 62% had pre-operative clinical and radiological risk factors for ductal stones, 25% had operative risk factors and 13% had silent stones discovered on IOC. Another 355 patients (48.5%) had negative trawling, although one half had pre-operative risk factors for ductal stones and 47.6% had operative risk factors, e.g. cystic duct stones or dilatation. This cohort had equivocal cholangiography in 25.9%. Following basket trawling, repeat IOC confirmed resolution of abnormalities. As no stones were retrieved, these were not considered duct explorations. The BIC technique facilitates safe and speedy bile duct clearance when stones are confirmed, avoiding choledochotomies, without significant complications. BIC duct trawling is also beneficial in patients with suspected ductal stones, helping to resolve equivocal IOCs. It helps surgeons to acquire and consolidate ductal exploration skills.

A proposed difficulty grading system for laparoscopic bile duct exploration: benefits to clinical practice, training and research.

BACKGROUND: A gap remains between the mounting evidence for single session management of bile duct stones and the adoption of this approach. Laparoscopic bile duct exploration (LBDE) is limited by the scarcity of training opportunities and adequate equipment and by the perception that the technique requires a high skill-set. The aim of this study was to create a new classification of difficulty based on operative characteristics and to stratify postoperative outcomes of easy vs. difficult LBDE irrespective of the surgeon's experience. METHODS: A cohort of 1335 LBDEs was classified according to the location, number and size of ductal stones, the retrieval technique, utilisation of choledochoscopy and specific biliary pathologies encountered. A combination of features indicated easy (Grades I and II A & B) or difficult (Grades III A and B, IV and V) transcystic or transcholedochal explorations. RESULTS: 78.3% of patients with acute cholecystitis or pancreatitis, 37% with jaundice and 46% with cholangitis had easy explorations. Difficult explorations were more likely to present as emergencies, with obstructive jaundice, previous sphincterotomy and dilated bile ducts on ultrasound scans. 77.7% of easy explorations were transcystic and 62.3% of difficult explorations transductal. Choledochoscopy was utilised in 23.4% of easy vs. 98% of difficult explorations. The use of biliary drains, open conversions, median operative time, biliary-related complications, hospital stay, readmissions, and retained stones increased with the difficulty grade. Grades I and II patients had 2 or more hospital episodes in 26.5% vs. 41.2% for grades III to V. There were 2 deaths in difficulty Grade V and one in Grade IIB. CONCLUSION: Difficulty grading of LBDE is useful in predicting outcomes and facilitating comparison between studies. It ensures fair structuring and assessment of training and progress of the learning curve. LBDEs were easy in 72% with 77% completed transcystically. This may encourage more units to adopt this approach.

Laparoscopic bile duct exploration during pregnancy: a multi-center case series and literature review.

BACKGROUND: The physiological changes of pregnancy increase the risk of gallstone formation and choledocholithiasis. Traditionally, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has been the main approach for managing choledocholithiasis during pregnancy, but recent progress in laparoscopic bile duct exploration (LBDE) has demonstrated this technique as a safe and effective alternative option. METHODS: A retrospective multicenter study of all patients who underwent LBDE during pregnancy from five centers with proven experience in LBDE between January 2010 and June 2020 was performed. The primary endpoint was to analyze the role of LBDE during pregnancy and to further characterize its position as a safe and effective alternative for the management of choledocholithiasis. A systematic review of the published literature relating to LBDE during pregnancy until February 2022 was also performed. RESULTS: Five institutions reported performing LBDE during pregnancy in 8 patients. Median surgical time was 75 min (range: 60-140 min). The bile duct was cleared successfully in all patients, and the median hospital stay was 2 days (range: 1-3 days). The literature review identified a total of 7 patients with a successful CBD clearance rate of 86%. There were no major maternal, fetal, or pregnancy-related complications in any of the total 15 patients included. The symptomatic common bile duct lithiasis with deranged liver function tests was the most frequent indication (n=7). CONCLUSION: LBDE during pregnancy appears to be safe and effective. More evidence reporting outcomes of LBDE during pregnancy is needed before any strong recommendations can be made.

Utilization of Laparoscopic Choledochoscopy During Bile Duct Exploration and Evaluation of the Wiper Blade Maneuver for Transcystic Intrahepatic Access.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to examine the indications, techniques, and outcomes of choledochoscopy during laparoscopic bile duct exploration and evaluate the results of the wiper blade maneuver (WBM) for transcystic intrahepatic choledochoscopy. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Choledochoscopy has traditionally been integral to bile duct explorations. However, laparoscopic era studies have reported wide variations in choledochoscopy availability and use, particularly with the increasing role of transcystic exploration. METHODS: The indications, techniques, and operative and postoperative data on choledochoscopy collected prospectively during transcystic and choledo- chotomy explorations were analyzed. The success rates of the WBM were evaluated for the 3 mm and 5 mm choledochoscopes. RESULTS: Of 935 choledochoscopies, 4 were performed during laparoscopic cholecystectomies and 931 during 1320 bile duct explorations (70.5%); 486 transcystic choledochoscopies (52%) and 445 through choledochotomies (48%). Transcystic choledochoscopy was utilized more often than blind exploration (55.7%% vs 44.3%) in patients with emergency admissions, jaundice, dilated bile ducts on preoperative imaging, wide cystic ducts, and large, numerous or impacted bile duct stones. Intrahepatic choledochoscopy was successful in 70% using the 3 mm scope and 81% with the 5 mm scope. Choledochoscopy was necessary in all 124 explorations for impacted stones. Twenty retained stones (2.1%) were encountered but no choledochoscopy related complications. CONCLUSIONS: Choledochoscopy should always be performed during a chol- edochotomy, particularly with multiple and intrahepatic stones, reducing the incidence of retained stones. Transcystic choledochoscopy was utilized in over 50% of explorations, increasing their rate of success. When attempted, the transcystic WBM achieves intrahepatic access in 70%-80%. It should be part of the training curriculum.

Operative Difficulty, Morbidity and Mortality Are Unrelated to Obesity in Elective or Emergency Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy and Bile Duct Exploration.

OBJECTIVES: The challenges posed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in obese patients and the methods of overcoming them have been addressed by many studies. However, no objective tool of reporting operative difficulty was used to adjust the outcomes and compare studies. The aim of this study was to establish whether obesity adds to the difficulty of LC and laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) and affects their outcomes on a specialist biliary unit with a high emergency workload. METHODS: A prospectively maintained database of 4699 LCs and LCBDEs performed over 19 years was analysed. Data of patients with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 35, defined as grossly obese, was extracted and compared to a control group. RESULTS: A total of 683 patients (14.5%) had a mean BMI of 39.9 (35-63), of which 63.4% met the definition of morbidly obese. They had significantly more females and significantly higher ASA II classifications. They had equal proportions of emergency admissions, similar incidence of operative difficulty grades 4 or 5 and no open conversions and were less likely to undergo LCBDE than non-obese patients. There were no significant differences in median operative times, morbidity, readmission or mortality rates. CONCLUSIONS: This study, the first to classify gall stone surgery in obese patients according to operative difficulty grading, showed no difference in complexity when compared to the non-obese. Refining access and closure techniques is key to avoiding difficulties. Index admission surgery for biliary emergencies prevents multiple admissions with potential complications and should not be denied due to obesity.

The incidence, operative difficulty and outcomes of staged versus index admission laparoscopic cholecystectomy and bile duct exploration for all comers: a review of 5750 patients.

BACKGROUND: The timing of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) for emergency biliary admissions remains inconsistent with national and international guidelines. The perception that LC is difficult in acute cholecystitis and the popularity of the two-session approach to pancreatitis and suspected choledocholithiasis result in delayed management. METHODS: Analysis of prospectively maintained data in a unit adopting a policy of "intention to treat" during the index admission. The aim was to study the incidence of previous biliary admissions and compare the operative difficulty, complications and postoperative outcomes with patients who underwent index admission LC. RESULTS: Of the 5750 LC performed, 20.8% had previous biliary episodes resulting in one admission in 93% and two or more in 7%. Most presented with biliary colic (39.6%) and acute cholecystitis (27.6%). A previous biliary history was associated with increased operative difficulty (p < 0.001), longer operating times (86.9 vs. 68.1 min, p < 0.001), more postoperative complications (7.8% vs. 5.4%, p = 0.002) and longer hospital stay (8.1 vs. 5.5 days, p < 0.001) and presentation to resolution intervals. However, conversion and mortality rates showed no significant differences. CONCLUSION: Index admission LC is superior to interval cholecystectomy and should be offered to all patients fit for general anaesthesia regardless of the presenting complaints. Subspecialisation should be encouraged as a major factor in optimising resource utilisation and postoperative outcomes of biliary emergencies.

Multi-institutional expert update on the use of laparoscopic bile duct exploration in the management of choledocholithiasis: Lesson learned from 3950 procedures.

BACKGROUND: Recently there has been a growing interest in the laparoscopic management of common bile duct stones with gallbladder in situ (LBDE), which is favoring the expansion of this technique. Our study identified the standardization factors of LBDE and its implementation in the single-stage management of choledocholithiasis. METHODS: A retrospective multi-institutional study among 17 centers with proven experience in LBDE was performed. A cross-sectional survey consisting of a semi-structured pretested questionnaire was distributed covering the main aspects on the use of LBDE in the management of choledocholithiasis. RESULTS: A total of 3950 LBDEs were analyzed. The most frequent indication was jaundice (58.8%). LBDEs were performed after failed ERCP in 15.2%. The most common approach used was the transcystic (63.11%). The overall series failure rate of LBDE was 4% and the median rate for each center was 6% (IQR, 4.5-12.5). Median operative time ranged between 60-120 min (70.6%). Overall morbidity rate was 14.6%, with a postoperative bile leak and complications ≥3a rate of 4.5% and 2.5%, respectively. The operative time decreased with experience (P = .03) and length of hospital stay was longer in the presence of a biliary leak (P = .04). Current training of LBDE was defined as poor or very poor by 82.4%. CONCLUSION: Based on this multicenter survey, LBDE is a safe and effective approach when performed by experienced teams. The generalization of LBDE will be based on developing training programs.

Conventional Surgical Management of Bile Duct Stones: A Service Model and Outcomes of 1318 Laparoscopic Explorations.

OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of this study was to describe the service model of one-session management, with a limited role for preoperative endoscopic clearance. The secondary aim was to review the outcomes and long term follow up in comparison to available studies on LCBDE. BACKGROUND: The laparoscopic era brought about a decline in the conventional surgical management of common bile duct stones. Preoperative endoscopic removal became the primary method of managing choledocholithiasis. Although LCBDE deals with gallstones and ductal stones in onw session, the limited availability of such an advanced procedure perpetuated the reliance on the endoscopic approach. METHODS: Prospective data was entered into a single surgeon's database containing 5739 laparoscopic cholecystectomy over 28 years and analyzed. RESULTS: One thousand eighteen consecutive LCBDE were included (23% of the series). Intraoperative cholangiography was performed in 1292 (98.0%). The median age was 60 years, male to female ratio 1:2 and 75% were emergency admissions. Most patients (43.4%) presented with jaundice. 66% had transcystic explorations and one third through a choledochotomy with 2.1% retained stones, 1.2% conversion, 18.7% morbidity, and 0.2% mortality. Postoperative ERCPs were needed in 3.1%. Recurrent stones occurred in 3%. CONCLUSIONS: One stage LCBDE is a safe and cost-effective treatment where the expertise and equipment are available. Endoscopic treatment has a role for specific indications but remains the first-line treatment in most units. This study demonstrates that establishing specialist services through training and logistic support can optimize the outcomes of managing common bile duct stones.

Open conversion in laparoscopic cholecystectomy and bile duct exploration: subspecialisation safely reduces the conversion rates.

BACKGROUND: Open conversion rates during laparoscopic cholecystectomy vary depending on many factors. Surgeon experience and operative difficulty influence the decision to convert on the grounds of patient safety but occasionally due to technical factors. We aim to evaluate the difficulties leading to conversion, the strategies used to minimise this event and how subspecialisation influenced conversion rates over time. METHODS: Prospectively collected data from 5738 laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed by a single surgeon over 28 years was analysed. Routine intraoperative cholangiography and common bile duct exploration when indicated are utilised. Patients undergoing conversion, fundus first dissection or subtotal cholecystectomy were identified and the causes and outcomes compared to those in the literature. RESULTS: 28 patients underwent conversion to open cholecystectomy (0.49%). Morbidity was relatively high (33%). 16 of the 28 patients (57%) had undergone bile duct exploration. The most common causes of conversion in our series were dense adhesions (9/28, 32%) and impacted bile duct stones (7/28, 25%). 173 patients underwent fundus first cholecystectomy (FFC) (3%) and 6 subtotal cholecystectomy (0.1%). Morbidity was 17.3% for the FFC and no complications were encountered in the subtotal cholecystectomy patients. These salvage techniques have reduced our conversion rate from a potential 3.5% to 0.49%. CONCLUSION: Although open conversion should not be seen as a failure, it carries a high morbidity and should only be performed when other strategies have failed. Subspecialisation and a high emergency case volume together with FFC and subtotal cholecystectomy as salvage strategies can reduce conversion and its morbidity in difficult cholecystectomies.

Risk identification and technical modifications reduce the incidence of post-cholecystectomy bile leakage: analysis of 5675 laparoscopic cholecystectomies.

PURPOSE: The main sources of post-cholecystectomy bile leakage (PCBL) not involving major duct injuries are the cystic duct and subvesical/hepatocystic ducts. Of the many studies on the diagnosis and management of PCBL, few addressed measures to avoid this serious complication. The aim of this study was to examine the causes and mechanisms leading to PCBL and to evaluate the effects of specific preventative strategies. METHODS: A prospectively maintained database of 5675 consecutive laparoscopic cholecystectomies was analysed. Risk factors for post-cholecystectomy bile leakage were identified and documented and technical modifications and strategies were adopted to prevent this complication. The incidence, causes and management of patients who suffered bile leaks were studied and their preoperative characteristics, operative data and postoperative outcomes were compared with patients where potential risks were identified and PCBL avoided and with the rest of the series. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients (0.4%) had PCBL (7 expected and less than half requiring reintervention): 11 from cystic ducts (0.2%), 3 from subvesical ducts (0.05%) and 11 from unconfirmed sources (0.2%). The incidence of cystic duct leakage was significantly lower with ties (0.15%) than with clips (0.7%). Fifty-two percent had difficulty grades IV or V, 36% had empyema or acute cholecystitis and 16% had contracted gallbladders. Twelve patients required 17 reinterventions before PCBL resolved; 7 percutaneous drainage, 6 ERCP and 4 relaparoscopy. The median hospital stay was 17 days with no mortality. Hepatocystic ducts were encountered in 72 patients (1.3%) and were secured with loops (54.2%), ties (25%) or sutures (20.8%) with no PCBL. Eighteen sectoral ducts were identified and secured. CONCLUSION: Ligation of the cystic duct reduces the incidence of PCBL resulting from dislodged endoclips. Careful blunt dissection in the proper anatomical planes avoiding direct or thermal injury to subvesical and sectoral ducts and a policy of actively searching for hepatocystic ducts during gallbladder separation to identify and secure them can reduce bile leakage from such ducts.

Reinterventions following laparoscopic cholecystectomy and bile duct exploration. A review of prospective data from 5740 patients.

BACKGROUND: Complications following laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and common bile duct exploration (CBDE) for the management of gallstones or choledocholithiasis impact negatively on patients' quality of life and may lead to reinterventions. This study aims to evaluate the causes and types of reintervention following index admission LC with or without CBDE. METHODS: A prospectively maintained database of LC and CBDE performed by a single surgeon was analysed. Preoperative factors, difficulty grading and perioperative complications requiring reintervention and readmissions were examined. RESULTS: Reinterventions were required in 112 of 5740 patients (2.0%), 89 (1.6%) being subsequent to complications. The reintervention cohort had a median age of 64 years, were more likely to be females (p < 0.0023) and to be emergency admissions (67.9%, p < 0.00001) with obstructive jaundice (35.7%, p < 0.00001). 46.4% of the reintervention cohort had a LC operative difficulty grade IV or V and 65.2% underwent a CBDE. Open conversion was predictive of the potential for reintervention (p < 0.00001). The most common single cause of reintervention was retained stones (0.5%) requiring ERCP followed by bile leakage (0.3%) requiring percutaneous drainage, ERCP and relaparoscopy. Relaparoscopy was necessary in 17 patients and open surgery in 13, 6 of whom not resulting from complications. There were 5 deaths. CONCLUSION: This large series had a low incidence of reinterventions resulting from complications in spite of a high workload of index admission surgery for biliary emergencies and bile duct stones. Surgical or endoscopic reinterventions following LC alone occurred in only 0.8%. The most common form of reintervention was ERCP for retained CBD stones. This important outcome parameter of laparoscopic biliary surgery can be optimised through early diagnosis and timely reintervention for complications.

Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy for Gallbladder Dysfunction and Polyps: Incidence and Follow up.

AIM: This study aims to evaluate the incidence, indications, management, and long term follow up of cholecystectomy in patients with no gallstones, other than acalculous acute cholecystitis. METHODS: Prospectively collected data of 5675 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) over 28 years was extracted and analyzed. Patients with biliary symptoms, no stones on ultrasound scans and abnormal hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid scans, and those with confirmed gallbladder polyps (GBP) were included. RESULTS: Two percent of cholecystectomies were performed in patients with acalculous pathology [1.3% functional gallbladder disorder (FGBD) and 0.7% GBP]. The 114 patients were younger, had lower American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, and had fewer previous biliary admissions than those with gallstones (5560). The clinical presentations of FGBD were chronic biliary symptoms (93.1%) and acute biliary pain (6.9%). GBP patients presented with chronic biliary symptoms. LC in 98.6% FGBD and 92.8% GBP were significantly easier than those for gall stones (P < 0.0001). They were significantly (P < 0.0001 FGBD and P < 0.001 GBP) less likely to have adhesions to the gallbladder. This ease was reflected in shorter operation times and lower utilization of abdominal drains. Polyp numbers ranged from 1 to 30 and sizes from 1 mm to 11 mm. No malignant polyps were encountered. In 95.8% FGBD and 95% GBP, patients had a good symptomatic response to LC. CONCLUSIONS: FGBD and GBP are uncommon in patients undergoing LC. FGBD should be considered during evaluation of right upper quadrant pain with no gall stones. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy may be considered as it achieves long term symptomatic relief in most patients with FGBD and GBP.

Cystic Lymph Node Identification Is More Reliable Than Critical View of Safety in Difficult Cholecystectomies.

BACKGROUND: The cystic lymph node (CLN) represents an anatomic safety marker and a surrogate marker of technique during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). We aim to demonstrate the value of CLN in comparison to the critical view of safety (CVS) and study the effects of increasing difficulty on the 2 approaches. METHODS: A prospective study of consecutive LC was conducted. Patient demographics, type of admission, clinical presentation, operative difficulty grade, visualization of CLN, identification of CVS, operative time, and complications were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: Of 393 LCs, half of the admissions were emergencies. Thirty-four percent had obstructive jaundice or acute cholecystitis. The CLN was visually identified in 81.7% with a small difference between operative difficulty grades 1 to 3 versus 4 to 5. Although CVS was unachievable in 62 patients, 43 (69.4%) still had an identifiable CLN. The median operating time was 68 minutes with 1 mortality but no conversions or intraoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying the CLN during LC could compliment the CVS in avoiding major ductal injury. Dissecting lateral to the CLN to commence the process of displaying the cystic pedicle structures may be a strategy in safely achieving the CVS. During the more difficult LC where displaying the CVS is impossible, the CLN may be the key anatomic landmark.

Optimising the outcomes of index admission laparoscopic cholecystectomy and bile duct exploration for biliary emergencies: a service model.

AIMS: The rate of acute laparoscopic cholecystectomy remains low due to operational constraints. The purpose of this study is to evaluate a service model of index admission cholecystectomy with referral protocols, refined logistics and targeted job planning. METHODS: A prospectively maintained dataset was evaluated to determine the processes of care and outcomes of patients undergoing emergency biliary surgery. The lead author has maintained a 28 years prospective database capturing standard demographic data, intraoperative details including the difficulty of cholecystectomy as well as postoperative outcome parameters and follow up data. RESULTS: Over five thousand (5555) consecutive laparoscopic cholecystectomies were performed. Only patients undergoing emergency procedures (2399,43.2% of entire group) were analysed for this study. The median age was 52 years with 70% being female. The majority were admitted with biliary pain (34%), obstructive jaundice (26%) and acute cholecystitis (16%). 63% were referred by other surgeons. 80% underwent surgery within 5 days (40% within 24 h). Cholecystectomies were performed on scheduled lists (44%) or dedicated emergency lists (29%). Two thirds had suspected bile duct stones and 38.1% underwent bile duct exploration. The median operating time was 75 min, median hospital stay 7 days, conversion rate 0.8%, morbidity 8.9% and mortality rate 0.2%. CONCLUSION: Index admission cholecystectomy for biliary emergencies can have low rates of morbidity and mortality. Timely referral and flexible theatre lists facilitate the service, optimising clinical results, number of biliary episodes, hospital stay and presentation to resolution intervals. Cost benefits and reduced interval readmissions need to be weighed against the length of hospital stay per episode.

Achieving the critical view of safety in the difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective study of predictors of failure.

BACKGROUND: Bile duct injury rates for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) remain higher than during open cholecystectomy. The "culture of safety" concept is based on demonstrating the critical view of safety (CVS) and/or correctly interpreting intraoperative cholangiography (IOC). However, the CVS may not always be achievable due to difficult anatomy or pathology. Safety may be enhanced if surgeons assess difficulties objectively, recognise instances where a CVS is unachievable and be familiar with recovery strategies. AIMS AND METHODS: A prospective study was conducted to evaluate the achievability of the CVS during all consecutive LC performed over four years. The primary aim was to study the association between the inability to obtain the CVS and an objective measure of operative difficulty. The secondary aim was to identify preoperative and operative predictors indicating the use of alternate strategies to complete the operation safely. RESULTS: The study included 1060 consecutive LC. The median age was 53 years, male to female ratio was 1:2.1 and 54.9% were emergency admissions. CVS was obtained in 84.2%, the majority being difficulty grade I or II (70.7%). Displaying the CVS failed in 167 LC (15.8%): including 55.6% of all difficulty grade IV LC and 92.3% of difficulty grade V. There were no biliary injuries or conversions. CONCLUSION: All three components of the critical view of safety could not be demonstrated in one out of 6 consecutive laparoscopic cholecystectomies. Preoperative factors and operative difficulty grading can predict cases where the CVS may not be achievable. Adapting instrument selection and alternate dissection strategies would then need to be considered.

One-session laparoscopic management of Mirizzi syndrome: feasible and safe in specialist units.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the laparoscopic management of Mirizzi syndrome, seldom diagnosed preoperatively causing difficulty when performing cholecystectomy and increasing complication risks. METHODS: Analysis of a prospective single-surgeon database of 5700 laparoscopic cholecystectomies found 58 Mirizzi syndrome cases. They were managed with an intention to treat during the index admission according to protocol of single-session management of bile duct stones. RESULTS: 38/58 patients were females (65.5%). The median age was 55 years. 53 cases were emergency admissions. 34 cases (58.6%) only had ultrasound scanning. Operative difficulty was Grade IV in 34 cases (58.6%) and Grade V in 20 (34.5%) (Nassar Scale). There were 33 Mirizzi Type IA, 7 Type IB, 16 Type II and one each of Type III and Type IV. Bile duct exploration was performed in 94.8% through choledochotomy/ transfistula in 58.6% or transcystic in 36.2%. Four cases required conversion to open. Postoperative morbidity occurred in 29%. Two 30-day mortalities occurred from pneumonia in two elderly patients who were late referrals. CONCLUSION: Although the utilization of the laparoscopic approach in managing bile duct stones is not currently widely practiced it was safer in this series than in reported series of open surgery in Mirizzi Syndrome. The optimal approach to Mirizzi Type II is via cholecystocholedochal fistula to explore the bile duct then drain with T-tube through the fistula. It is unnecessary to perform bilioenteric bypass in majority of cases, reducing the morbidity and mortality.

Hartmann's Pouch Stones and Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: The Challenges and the Solutions.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Hartmann's pouch stones (HPS) encountered during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) may hinder safe dissection of the cystic pedicle or be complicated by mucocele, empyema, or Mirizzi syndrome; distorting the anatomy and increasing the risk of bile duct injury. We studied the incidence, presentations, operative challenges, and outcomes of HPS. METHODS: A cohort study of a prospectively maintained database of LCs and bile duct explorations performed by a single surgeon. Patients were divided into two groups: those with HPS and those without. Patients' demographics, clinical presentation, intra-operative findings, and postoperative outcomes were compared. RESULTS: Of the 5136 patients, 612 (11.9%) had HPS. The HPS group were more likely to present with acute cholecystitis (27.9% vs 5.9%, P = .000) and more patients underwent emergency LC (50.7% vs 41.5%, P = .000). The HPS group had more difficult cholecystectomies, with 46.1% vs 11.8% in the non-HPS group being operative difficulty grade 4 and 5. Mucocele, empyema, and Mirizzi syndrome were more common in the HPS group (24.0% vs 3.7% P = .000, 30.9% vs 3.7% P = .000, 1.8% vs 0.9% P = .000, respectively). There was no significant difference in the open conversion rate or complications. CONCLUSION: HPS increase the difficulty of LC. Surgeons should be aware of their presence and should employ appropriate dissection strategies. Sharp or diathermy dissection should be avoided. Dislodging the stone into the gall bladder, stone removal, swab dissection, and cholangiography are useful measures to avoid ductal injury and reduce the conversion rate.

Gall Bladder Empyema: Early Cholecystectomy during the Index Admission Improves Outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: We aim to evaluate our policy of index admission management of gall bladder empyema and the effect of the timing of surgery on the outcomes. METHODS: We analyzed a series of 5400 laparoscopic cholecystectomies. Data were collected prospectively over 26 y. Patients were divided into two groups: group 1, intervention within 72 h, and group 2, intervention after 72 h of admission. We had a policy of intention to treat during the index admission, but delays sometimes occurred because of late referral, a need to optimize patients, availability of theater time, or the biliary surgeon being on leave. The groups were then compared with regard to the duration of surgery, the difficulty grading, complications, hospital stay, and conversion rate. RESULTS: A total of 372 patients were included; 160 (43%) operated on within 72 h (group 1) and 212 (57%) after 72 h (group 2). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups with regard to the operation time, conversion rate, and complications rate. The difference in total hospital stay was, however, statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Surgical management of empyema should be offered as soon as possible after admission as with any acute cholecystitis. Surgery carried out after 72 h of admission is only associated with longer hospital stay but no statistically significant differences in other outcome parameters. In the presence of specialist expertise, fitness for surgery should be the determining factor of whether or not to offer surgery to these patients, regardless of the interval since their admission.