Biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt / Composição bioquímica de alguns Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) do Mar Vermelho, Egito

In the present study, the biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt was investigated. The results showed that the highest percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria scabra. The highest percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was recorded in Pearsonothuria graeffei while the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was recorded in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of omega-3 fatty acids was recorded in Stichopus hermanni however, the lowest percentage was recorded in Diadema setosum. The highest percentage of omega-6 fatty acids was recorded in Bohadschia vitiensis where, the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. In addition, nonessential amino acid (NEAA) glycine were the highest in all species and serine was the lowest while Essential amino acid (EAA) arginine was the highest and cysteine was the lowest. All of the NEAA recorded highest concentrations in S. hermanni except proline. The recorded essential amino acids were histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and leucine. The latter was high in Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tyrosine, valine, threonine, and arginine were high in Stichopus hermanni. The present study proved that sea cucumbers has great nutritional value.

No presente estudo, investigou-se a composição bioquímica de algumas espécies Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) do Mar Vermelho no Egito. Os resultados mostraram que a maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos saturados (SFA) foi na espécie Holothuria nobilis e a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria scabra. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (MUFA) foi registrada na espécie Pearsonothuria graeffei, enquanto a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria atra. O maior percentual de ácidos graxos poli insaturados (PUFA) foi registrado em Holothuria nobilis e o menor percentual foi registrado em Holothuria atra. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos ômega-3 foi registrada na espécie Stichopus hermanni, entretanto, a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Diadema setosum. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos ômega-6 foi registrada em Bohadschia vitiensis e a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria atra. Além disso, o nível de aminoácido não-essencial (NEAA) glicina foi o mais alto em todas as espécies e o de serina foi o mais baixo, enquanto o nível de aminoácido essencial (EAA) arginina foi o mais alto e a cisteína foi o mais baixo. Todos os NEAA registraram concentrações mais altas em S. hermanni, exceto prolina. Os aminoácidos essenciais registrados foram histidina, isoleucina, fenilalanina e leucina. A leucina apresentou alto nível na espécie Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tirosina, valina, treonina e arginina apresentaram níveis elevados em Stichopus hermanni. Assim, o presente estudo comprovou que o pepino-do-mar possui grande valor nutricional.

Biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt

Abstract In the present study, the biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt was investigated. The results showed that the highest percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria scabra. The highest percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was recorded in Pearsonothuria graeffei while the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was recorded in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of omega-3 fatty acids was recorded in Stichopus hermanni however, the lowest percentage was recorded in Diadema setosum. The highest percentage of omega-6 fatty acids was recorded in Bohadschia vitiensis where, the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. In addition, nonessential amino acid (NEAA) glycine were the highest in all species and serine was the lowest while Essential amino acid (EAA) arginine was the highest and cysteine was the lowest. All of the NEAA recorded highest concentrations in S. hermanni except proline. The recorded essential amino acids were histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and leucine. The latter was high in Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tyrosine, valine, threonine, and arginine were high in Stichopus hermanni. The present study proved that sea cucumbers has great nutritional value.

Resumo No presente estudo, investigou-se a composição bioquímica de algumas espécies Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) do Mar Vermelho no Egito. Os resultados mostraram que a maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos saturados (SFA) foi na espécie Holothuria nobilis e a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria scabra. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (MUFA) foi registrada na espécie Pearsonothuria graeffei, enquanto a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria atra. O maior percentual de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (PUFA) foi registrado em Holothuria nobilis e o menor percentual foi registrado em Holothuria atra. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos ômega-3 foi registrada na espécie Stichopus hermanni, entretanto, a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Diadema setosum. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos ômega-6 foi registrada em Bohadschia vitiensis e a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria atra. Além disso, o nível de aminoácido não-essencial (NEAA) glicina foi o mais alto em todas as espécies e o de serina foi o mais baixo, enquanto o nível de aminoácido essencial (EAA) arginina foi o mais alto e a cisteína foi o mais baixo. Todos os NEAA registraram concentrações mais altas em S. hermanni, exceto prolina. Os aminoácidos essenciais registrados foram histidina, isoleucina, fenilalanina e leucina. A leucina apresentou alto nível na espécie Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tirosina, valina, treonina e arginina apresentaram níveis elevados em Stichopus hermanni. Assim, o presente estudo comprovou que o pepino-do-mar possui grande valor nutricional.

Biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt / Composição bioquímica de alguns Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) do Mar Vermelho, Egito

In the present study, the biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt was investigated. The results showed that the highest percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria scabra. The highest percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was recorded in Pearsonothuria graeffei while the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was recorded in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of omega-3 fatty acids was recorded in Stichopus hermanni however, the lowest percentage was recorded in Diadema setosum. The highest percentage of omega-6 fatty acids was recorded in Bohadschia vitiensis where, the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. In addition, nonessential amino acid (NEAA) glycine were the highest in all species and serine was the lowest while Essential amino acid (EAA) arginine was the highest and cysteine was the lowest. All of the NEAA recorded highest concentrations in S. hermanni except proline. The recorded essential amino acids were histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and leucine. The latter was high in Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tyrosine, valine, threonine, and arginine were high in Stichopus hermanni. The present study proved that sea cucumbers has great nutritional value.

No presente estudo, investigou-se a composição bioquímica de algumas espécies Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) do Mar Vermelho no Egito. Os resultados mostraram que a maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos saturados (SFA) foi na espécie Holothuria nobilis e a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria scabra. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (MUFA) foi registrada na espécie Pearsonothuria graeffei, enquanto a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria atra. O maior percentual de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (PUFA) foi registrado em Holothuria nobilis e o menor percentual foi registrado em Holothuria atra. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos ômega-3 foi registrada na espécie Stichopus hermanni, entretanto, a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Diadema setosum. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos ômega-6 foi registrada em Bohadschia vitiensis e a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria atra. Além disso, o nível de aminoácido não-essencial (NEAA) glicina foi o mais alto em todas as espécies e o de serina foi o mais baixo, enquanto o nível de aminoácido essencial (EAA) arginina foi o mais alto e a cisteína foi o mais baixo. Todos os NEAA registraram concentrações mais altas em S. hermanni, exceto prolina. Os aminoácidos essenciais registrados foram histidina, isoleucina, fenilalanina e leucina. A leucina apresentou alto nível na espécie Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tirosina, valina, treonina e arginina apresentaram níveis elevados em Stichopus hermanni. Assim, o presente estudo comprovou que o pepino-do-mar possui grande valor nutricional.

Biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt.

In the present study, the biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt was investigated. The results showed that the highest percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria scabra. The highest percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was recorded in Pearsonothuria graeffei while the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was recorded in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of omega-3 fatty acids was recorded in Stichopus hermanni however, the lowest percentage was recorded in Diadema setosum. The highest percentage of omega-6 fatty acids was recorded in Bohadschia vitiensis where, the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. In addition, nonessential amino acid (NEAA) glycine were the highest in all species and serine was the lowest while Essential amino acid (EAA) arginine was the highest and cysteine was the lowest. All of the NEAA recorded highest concentrations in S. hermanni except proline. The recorded essential amino acids were histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and leucine. The latter was high in Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tyrosine, valine, threonine, and arginine were high in Stichopus hermanni. The present study proved that sea cucumbers has great nutritional value.

Warfarin adherence and anticoagulation control in atrial fibrillation patients: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: This paper aims to review the literature systematically on warfarin adherence in patients with atrial fibrillation and to assess the anticoagulation control focused on patient clinical outcomes. Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is a cardiac disease defined by abnormal heart rhythm, which significantly impacts a patient's health status, quality of life, and heart output, and thus a greater risk of stroke and hospitalization. Most AF patients should be managed with long-term anticoagulation, either with vitamin K antagonists such as warfarin or new oral anticoagulants (NOACs). Anticoagulants have been a core in treating AF and weighing the consequences of thrombosis with the risk of bleeding. This systematic review aimed to assess the impact of warfarin adherence on AF patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic search of the literature was conducted on electronic databases of PubMed/MEDLINE, EBSCO, Cochrane library, Google, and Google Scholar from January 2011 to April 2021 to determine studies that reported warfarin adherence on patients with atrial fibrillation. RESULTS: Out of 1429 titles and abstracts were retrieved, 12 studies fulfilled and met the inclusion criteria. From the included studies, two were carried out in Brazil and one from the following nations: Libya, Jordan, Iran, KSA, Canada, Malaysia, Bahrain, UAE, Singapore, and the USA. The study designs identified were cross-section, retrospective, and prospective studies. Warfarin adherence was influenced by multiple causes, including pharmaceutical services, the number of medications, and warfarin knowledge regarding anticoagulation control. Warfarin adherence illustrates its positive association with TTR and INR as a measure of anticoagulation control. CONCLUSIONS: While the available evidence is limited, this systematic review demonstrated a positive finding of the association between warfarin adherence and anticoagulation control in patients with AF.

Efficient synthesis of novel 1,2,4-triazole fused acyclic and 21-28 membered macrocyclic and/or lariat macrocyclic oxaazathia crown compounds with potential antimicrobial activity.

Versatile simple efficient routes with good to excellent yields towards different functionalized 1,ω-bis(1,2,4-triazoles), 21-28 membered 1,2,4-triazole fused macrocyclic and/or lariat macrocyclic oxaazathia crown Schiff bases and/or amines have been investigated. Antimicrobial screening of some selected compounds revealed different inhibitory effects against Aspergillus fumigatus RCMB 002008 (1), Penicillium italicum RCMB 001018 (1), Syncephalastrum racemosum RCMB 016001 Candida albicans RCMB 005003, Staphylococcus aureus RCMB 106-001 (1), Pseudomonas aeruginosa RCMB 102-002, Bacillus subtilis RCMB 101-001 and Escherichia coli RCMB 103-001.

A facile synthesis, structure, and antimicrobial evaluation of novel 4-arylhydrazono-5-trifluoromethyl-2,4-dihydropyrazol-3-ones, their N- and N,O-bis-beta-D-glucosides.

Synthesis of some novel 4-arylhydrazono-5-trifluoromethyl-2,4-dihydropyrazol-3-ones, their N- and N,O-bis- beta-D-glucosides is described. Antimicrobial evaluation of eight selected compounds against Aspergillus fumigatus RCMB 002008 (1), Penicillium italicum RCMB 001018 (1), Syncephalastrum racemosum RCMB 016001, Candida albicans RCMB 005003, Staphylococcus aureus RCMB 106-001 (1), Pseudomonas aeruginosa RCMB 102-002, Bacillus subtilis RCMB 101-001, and Escherichiacoli RCMB 103-001 has been achieved. The screening results indicated that all the tested compounds exhibited different inhibitory effects against five to seven different organisms of the eight test organisms.

Novel simple efficient synthetic approach toward 6-substituted-2H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole-3-thiones and first synthesis and biological evaluation of N-and S-beta-D-glucosides of the[1,2,4]triazolo [3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole ring system.

Novel simple and efficient synthetic approach for the synthesis of 6-substituted-2H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole-3-thiones is described. Glucosidation of these novel bases with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide followed by chromatographic separation gave the corresponding N-and S-ss-D-glucosides. The structure of these two regiosiomers was established chemically and spectroscopically. Antimicrobial screening of two selected regioisomeric compounds against Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium italicum, Syncephalastrum racemosum, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli are compared.

First synthesis and antimicrobial activity Of N- and S-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-1,2,4-triazoles.

Arabinosylation of some 4-amino- and 4-arylideneamino-5-(pyridin-3-yl)-2,4-dihydro-[1,2,4]-triazole-3-thiones with 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-beta-L-arabinopyranosyl bromide led to an efficient synthetic approach to the corresponding N-and S-alpha-L-arabinopyranosides. Structure assignment of these two regiosiomers was based on chemical and spectroscopic evidences. Antimicrobial activities of two selected regioisomeric N-and S-alpha-L-arabinopyranosides were compared. The N-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside showed higher inhibitory effect than its regioisomeric S-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside against Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium italicum, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

N- and S-alpha-l-arabinopyranosyl[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles. First synthesis and biological evaluation.

First synthesis of N- and S-alpha-l-arabinopyranosyl[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles is described. Antimicrobial screening of two selected regioisomeric compounds against Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium italicum, Syncephalastrum racemosum, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli are compared.

Efficient synthesis, structure, and antimicrobial activity of some novel N- and S-beta-D-glucosides of 5-pyridin-3-yl-1,2,4-triazoles.

Glucosidation of some 4-amino- and 4-arylideneamino-5-(pyridin-3-yl)-2,4-dihydro-[1,2,4]-triazole-3-thiones with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide followed by chromatographic separation gave the corresponding N- and S-beta-D-glucosides. The structure of these two regiosiomers was established chemically and spectroscopically. Deamination as well as deacetylation of some selected nucleosides have been achieved. Antimicrobial screening of 14 selected compounds resulted in their activity against Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium italicum, Syncephalastrum racemosum, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli.

Synthesis of novel alpha-L-arabinopyranosides of beta-lactams with potential antimicrobial activity.

Synthetic routes toward the synthesis of some novel 1-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl)-azetidin-2-ones are described. Antimicrobial screening of three selected compounds revealed their activity against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli

Synthesis of some new 1,3/ or 1,4-bis(glucopyranosyl-1,2,4-triazol-5-ylthio)propanes/ or butanes as potential antimicrobial agents.

Glucosidation of the appropriate 1,3 or 1,4-bis(4-amino or arylideneamino-2,4-dihydro-3-thioxo-3H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ylthio)propanes or butanes with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide followed by chromatographic separation gave the corresponding N-, S-, and N,S-bis(glucosides). Chemical transformation leading to new functionalities has been achieved. Antimicrobial screening of 10 selected compounds resulted in their activity against Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium italicum, Syncephalastrum racemosum, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli.

Synthesis of some novel N-ribosyl-1,2,4-triazin-6(1H)-/ones or thiones as potential antibacterial and antifungal chemotherapeutics.

Ribosylation of 3-aryl-5-benzyl(or substituted benzyl)-1,2,4-triazin-6(1H)-/ones or thiones with 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-beta-D-ribofuranose gave the corresponding 3-aryl-5-benzyl(or substituted benzyl)-1-(2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,2,4-triazin-6(1H)-/ones or thiones. The structure of the new ribosides was confirmed chemically and spectroscopically.

Synthesis of some novel 6-benzyl(or substituted benzyl)-2-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazines as potential antimicrobial chemotherapeutics.

Glucosidation of the new 8-amino-6-benzyl(or substituted benzyl)-2,8-dihydro-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazin-7(3H)-ones (3a-d) with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide 4 gave the corresponding N-glucosides 5a-d. Chemical transformations leading to new functionalities have also been achieved to give compounds 7-12. Antimicrobial activity of compounds 5a-c against Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium italicum, Syncephalastrum racemosum, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli is described.

Synthesis of some new 2-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-1,2,4-triazines as potential antitumor chemotherapeutics.

Synthetic routes towards different 2-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-3-thioxo-2,3-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-/ones or thiones were investigated. Primary human anticancer screening of two selected compounds resulted in an active compound against SF-268 (CNS) cell line.

Synthesis of some N-galactosides of 3-aryl-5-benzyl (or substituted benzyl)-1,2,4-triazin-6(1H)-/ones or thiones of expected biological activity.

The 1-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-3-aryl-5-benzyl (or substituted benzyl)-1,2,4-triazin-6(1H)-/ones or thiones were prepared via galactosidation of 3-aryl-5-benzyl (or substituted benzyl)-1,2,4-triazin-6(1H)-/ones or thiones with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl bromide. The structure of the new galactosyl derivatives was based on both spectroscopic and chemical evidences.

Selective synthesis and reactions of 6-substituted-2-beta-galactosyl-1,2,4-triazines of potential anticancer activity.

Selective synthesis and reactions of different 6-substituted-2-beta-D-galactosyl-3-thioxo-2,3-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-ones using the developed amino or aryl protecting group strategy were investigated. Primary human anticancer screening of twelve selected compounds (in vitro) resulted in an active compound against both MCF7 (Breast) and SF-268(CNS) cell lines.