Combining Ability for Resistance to White Mold in a Diallel Cross of Soybean

Abstract The white mold, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, is one of the most important diseases of soybean. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the soybean reaction to the fungus S. sclerotiorum, which causes white mold, in a partial diallel with 50 crosses. The Group I of parents was composed of ten experimental lines with high grain yield and the group II consisted in five genotypes with possible resistance to white mold. Ten plants of each cross in the F4 generation and the parents were evaluated for reaction to fungus infection using the method of inoculation in detached leaves in order to assess the severity of the disease and to later estimate the combining abilities. Estimates of the specific combining ability (SCA) was a significant reaction to S. sclerotiorum, indicating that there is variability for fungus resistance due to non-additive genes action.

Rust effect estimation in soybean crosses for tolerance to Asian rust / Estimativa do efeito ferrugem em cruzamentos de soja para tolerância à ferrugem asiática

ABSTRACT: Asian soybean rust is an important disease that has deeply troubled farmers and researchers since it was first reported. The causal agent, biotrophic fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow & P. Sydow, has found extremely favorable conditions for its dissemination in Brazil. The most characteristic symptom of infection appears in the leaves, initially on the adaxial leaf surface, as small angular points less than 1mm in diameter, together with gray-colored uredospores (spores). Management involves a set of practices that guarantee coexistence between the plant and the pathogen without significant damage to the crop. The objective of this research was to evaluate tolerance to Asian rust by estimating losses caused by natural infection in the field. Experiments with generation F4 (2014/15) plants were established in a randomized blocks design with four replicates, with two types of genotypes (crosses and parents) and two schemes for disease management using fungicides. For analysis of the data, a test was applied on two dependent samples to verify the significance of the estimate of the rust effect. With regard to grain yield and tolerance, the most outstanding crosses were 104 (USP14-01-20 × EMGOPA313) and 149 (USP93-05.552 × EMGOPA313). Crosses 147 (USP93-05552 × PI153.282) and 137 (USP70.108 × PI153.282) were graded as tolerant in the evaluation of both yield reduction and seed size. We found evidence of tolerance to Asian rust in both crosses and parents. The statistical test revealed the significance of the rust effect estimates in soybean.

RESUMO: A ferrugem asiática da soja é a doença que mais tem preocupado os produtores e pesquisadores desde sua primeira evidência. Ela é causada pelo fungo biotrófico Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow & P. Sydow que encontrou condições extremamente favoráveis para a sua disseminação no Brasil. O sintoma mais característico apresenta-se nas folhas, inicialmente na face adaxial, como pequenos pontos angulares com menos de um milímetro de diâmetro, juntamente com os uredósporos (esporos) de coloração acinzentada. O manejo se dá por meio de um conjunto de práticas que garanta a boa convivência entre a planta e o patógeno e sem que ocorra danos significativos à lavoura. O trabalho objetivou avaliar a tolerância à ferrugem asiática estimando as perdas causadas pela infestação natural a campo. Os experimentos com a geração F4 (2014/15) foram delineados em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Foram realizadas categorias de experimentos, envolvendo dois tipos de genótipos (cruzamentos e genitores) e dois tipos de manejos de doenças com fungicidas. Para a análise dos dados foi aplicado um teste, para duas amostras dependentes, a fim de verificar a significância da estimativa do efeito ferrugem. Considerando a produtividade e a tolerância, os cruzamentos mais importantes foram 104 (USP 14-01-20 x EMGOPA 313) e 149 (USP 93-05.552 x EMGOPA 313). Os cruzamentos 147 (USP 93-05.552 x PI 153.282) e 137 (USP 70.108 x PI 153.282) foram tolerantes tanto na avaliação de redução da produtividade e do tamanho de semente. Houveram evidências de tolerância à ferrugem asiática nos cruzamentos e nos genitores. O teste estatístico revelou a significância das estimativas de efeito ferrugem em soja.

Successful crosses between fungal-resistant wild species of Arachis (section Arachis) and Arachis hypogaea.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is the fifth most produced oil crop worldwide. Besides lack of water, fungal diseases are the most limiting factors for the crop. Several species of Arachis are resistant to certain pests and diseases. This study aimed to successfully cross the A-genome with B-K-A genome wild species previously selected for fungal disease resistance, but that are still untested. We also aimed to polyplodize the amphihaploid chromosomes; cross the synthetic amphidiploids and A. hypogaea to introgress disease resistance genes into the cultivated peanut; and analyze pollen viability and morphological descriptors for all progenies and their parents. We selected 12 A-genome accessions as male parents and three B-genome species, one K-genome species, and one A-genome species as female parents. Of the 26 distinct cross combinations, 13 different interspecific AB-genome and three AA-genome hybrids were obtained. These sterile hybrids were polyploidized and five combinations produced tetraploid flowers. Next, 16 combinations were crossed between A. hypogaea and the synthetic amphidiploids, resulting in 11 different hybrid combinations. Our results confirm that it is possible to introgress resistance genes from wild species into the peanut using artificial hybridization, and that more species than previously reported can be used, thus enhancing the genetic variability in peanut genetic improvement programs.

Diallel among soybean genotypes with high oil content and resistance to sudden death syndrome

The objective of this work was to use a partial diallel to evaluate the combining ability of 14 soybean genotypes and recommend superior combinations. Seven of the genotypes had high oil yield; other seven exhibited tolerance to sudden death syndrome and they generated 49 hybrids in a diallel cross without reciprocals. F2plants of each cross and the parents were evaluated for the following traits: number of days to maturity (NDM), oil content in the seeds (OC), grain yield (GY) and oil yield (OY). The results indicated the existence of genetic variability in the parents and progeny for all the traits. The rank of the parents based on the means was similar to the rank based on general combining ability (GCA) for all the traits. The specific combining ability (SCA) and the GCA were significant for all the traits, with a predominance of additive effects. The parent with the highest GCA and mean for OC was the cultivar A 7002; on the other hand, the lowest values were found in PI 520733 and IAC 100. The crosses with the highest oil yields were those involving parent A 7002, except when it was crossed with IAC 100.

Genetic structure and a selected core set of Brazilian soybean cultivars.

Soybean is one of the most valuable and profitable oil crop species and a thorough knowledge of the genetic structure of this crop is necessary for developing the best breeding strategies. In this study, a representative collection of soybean cultivars recommended for farming in all Brazilian regions was genotyped using 27 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci. A total of 130 alleles were detected, with an average allelic number of 4.81 per locus. These alleles determined the core set that best represented this soybean germplasm. The Bayesian analysis revealed the presence of two clusters or subgroups within the whole collection (435 soybean cultivars) and the core set (31 entries). Cultivars of similar origin (ancestral) were clustered into the same groups in both analyses. The genetic diversity parameters, based on the SSR loci, revealed high similarity between the whole collection and core set. Differences between the two clusters detected in the core set were attributed more to the frequency of their ancestors than to their genetic base. In terms of ancestry, divergent groups were presented and a panel is shown which may foster efficient breeding programs and aid soybean breeders in planning reliable crossings in the development of new varieties.

The genetic base of Brazilian soybean cultivars: evolution over time and breeding implications.

Genetic diversity is essential for crop breeding and one way to estimate it is through the concept of genetic base, which can be defined as the number of ancestors and their relative genetic contributions (RGC) to each cultivar. The RGC can be estimated through the coefficient of parentage between the ancestors and cultivars. Previous studies determined that the genetic base of Brazilian soybean was very narrow. The objective of this work was to evaluate the pedigree of 444 Brazilian soybean cultivars to estimate their genetic base. The cultivars were divided according to their release dates and according to their origin (public or private), and the genetic base for each group was also estimated. We found 60 ancestors, of which the top four (CNS, S-100, Roanoke and Tokyo, respectively) contribute 55.3% of the genetic base. Only 14 ancestors have an RGC over 1.0%, and they represent 92.4% of the genetic base. Analysis of the release dates indicated that there has been an increase in the number of ancestors over time, but the four main ancestors were the same over all periods, and their cumulative RGC increased from 46.6% to 57.6%, indicating a narrowing of the genetic base.

Genetic diversity among Brazilian soybean cultivars based on SSR loci and pedigree data

In this study, simple sequence repeats (SSR) loci and pedigree data were used to investigate the genetic relationship in a group of 168 Brazilian soybean cultivars. Eighteen SSR loci produced an average of 5.06 alleles and a mean gene diversity of 0.58 for the cultivars studied. Genetic distance (GD) was determined using the modified Roger's Wright distance, and a final dendrogram was in agreement with the cultivar pedigree. A distance matrix based on the coefficient of parentage scores was also generated for the cultivars, which ranged from 0 to 1, with a mean of 0.18, whereas SSR-based genetic similarity (1- GD) ranged from 0.01 to 0.90, with a mean of 0.25. Mantel's Z test showed that the similarity matrices generated from both the data sets were low, but significantly correlated (r = 0.31, p<0.001). The results showed that SSR data and pedigree analyses could help to quantify more accurately the degree of relationship among the soybean cultivars.

Locos microssatélites e dados de genealogia foram utilizados para avaliar a diversidade genética de um grupo de 168 cultivares brasileiras de soja. Os dezoito locos utilizados apresentaram em média 5,06 alelos por loco e coeficiente de diversidade genética médio de 0,58. O dendrograma final resultante da matriz de distância genética de Roger modificado por Wright, apresentou boa concordância com a ancestralidade dos grupos formados. Também foi estimado os coeficientes de parentesco entre as cultivares, sendo observada variação de 0 a 1 com média de 0,18, enquanto que as similaridades para os locos microssatélites (1- GD) variou de 0,01 a 0,90 com média de 0,25. A correlação entre as duas matrizes obtidas determinada pelo teste Z de Mantel apresentou valor baixo, 0,31, mas significativo (p<0,001). Os resultados obtidos sugerem que os locos microssatélites aliados às informações de genealogia proporcionam melhor análise da diversidade genética de cultivares de soja.

Correlações entre parâmetros de adaptabilidade e estabilidade da produtividade de óleo em soja / Correlations among oil yield adaptability and stability parameters in soybean

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o grau de correlação entre parâmetros que avaliam a adaptabilidade e a estabilidade da produtividade de óleo em soja. Os parâmetros foram estimados a partir da análise de dados resultantes da avaliação de 93 linhagens de soja, divididas em três ciclos de maturação (28 precoces, 38 semiprecoces e 27 intermediárias). Os ensaios foram conduzidos em doze ambientes do município de Piracicaba, SP, Brasil. Os seguintes parâmetros foram correlacionados: média geral (m i), coeficiente de regressão (b i), ecovalência de Wricke (ômegaWi), ecovalência AMMI (ômegaAi), variância dos desvios da regressão (sigma2di) e coeficiente de determinação (R²i). Utilizou-se a correlação (r) de Sperman do ordenamento das linhagens, segundo cada parâmetro. As correlações entre m i e b i e entre os parâmetros de estabilidade entre si (ômegaWi, ômegaAi, sigma2di e R²i) foram positivas e significativas (0,53 < r < 0,93) . As correlações entre os parâmetros de adaptabilidade e estabilidade foram baixas ou negativas e não significativas (-0,39 < r < 0,38), exceto entre b i e R²i (r = 0,49 e 0,89 para as linhagens precoces e intermediárias, respectivamente). Os parâmetros de estabilidade classificam a ordem das linhagens de forma similar e, provavelmente, pertencem ao mesmo conceito de estabilidade. Os resultados indicam que é difícil a seleção simultânea para adaptabilidade e estabilidade da produtividade de óleo em soja.

The objective of this work was to determine the degree of correlation among parameters that evaluate oil yield adaptability and stability in soybean. The parameters were estimated starting from data analysis resultants of the evaluation of 93 soybean lines divided in three maturation cycles (28 early, 38 semiearly and 27 intermediate). The trials were carried out in twelve environments of the municipal district of Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. The following parameters were correlated: grand mean (m i), regression coefficient (b i), Wricke ecovalence (omegadi), AMMI ecovalence (omegaAi), regression deviations variance (sigma2di) and determination coefficient (R²i). The parameters were compared using the ranking Sperman correlation of the lines, according to each parameter. The correlations among m i and b i and among the parameters of stability to each other (omegadi,omegaAi, sigma2di and R²i) were positive and significant (0.53

Genetic analysis of soybean resistance to Fusarium solani f.sp. glycines

In order to study the genetic control of soybean resistance to sudden death syndrome (SDS), a 5 x 5 diallel with the F2 generation, without the reciprocals, was carried out in a greenhouse. The following parents were used: Forrest, MG/BR-46 (Conquista), IAC-4, FT-Cristalina, and FT-Estrela. The first two cultivars are more resistant to SDS than IAC-4, which is considered to be moderately resistant to SDS, and the last two cultivars are highly susceptible. The fungus was inoculated with three colonized sorghum grains placed at the bottom of the holes with two soybean seeds. Single plants were evaluated between 14 and 37 days after emergency based on foliar severity symptoms (1-5) of SDS. The disease incidence and a disease index were also calculated for each plot (clay pots with five plants each). The analysis for severity and disease index was performed only with the data of the 37th day after emergence. Additive and dominant genetic effects were detected by Jinks-Hayman's analysis, but the dominant genetic effects were higher. The genetic parameters estimated indicated that the average degree of dominance showed the presence of overdominance; at least three loci or genic blocks that exhibited dominance were responsible for the genetic control of SDS resistance; the estimates of narrow-sense heritabilities were moderate (0.48 to 0.62), but in the broad-sense they were higher (0.90 to 0.95), thus reinforcing the presence of dominance effects; and the resistance to SDS was controlled mostly by dominant alleles. Five microsatellite markers (Satt163, Satt309, Satt354, Satt371 and Satt570), reported as linked to five QRLs of the SDS, were used to genotype the parents and showed the possibility of occurrence of multiallelism in those loci, but this evidence did not invalidate the fitting of the data to the Jinks-Hayman's model.

[Growth retardation and nutritional status in foster children]. / Retraso de crecimiento y estado nutricional en niños ingresados en una institución de acogida.

BACKGROUND: Our main objective was to determine growth retardation in children entering a foster home and catch-up growth at the end of the stay. We also analyzed the nutritional status and its relationship with growth retardation. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Height and weight were determined in 118 children, aged between one month and fifteen years; they were examined at admission and at the time of leaving the center. In another group of 31 prepubertal children, we analized their nutritional status determining the body mass index, prealbumin, retinol binding protein, GHBP, IGF-1, IGFBP-3 and leptin at admission. RESULTS: 31 (26.2%) out of the of the 118 children group had a height deficit (height < 2 SDS) at admission. 32 (27.1%) of the overall group of children showed significant catch-up growth after their stay at the foster home, and 15 (46.8%) of them showed a catch-up growth > 0.5 SDS. Children below two years of age showed the most important growth deficit. The nutritional status study showed normal results in all parameters in the 31 children group. Significant correlations were observed between IGF-I and weight/height, IGFBP-3 and weight/height, GHBP and body mass index, and leptin and body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: An important proportion of children showed significant growth retardation at entering a foster home, although a significant catch-up growth was observed at the end of their stay. Growth failure in this population does not appear to be related to the nutritional status.

Retraso de crecimiento y estado nutricional en niños ingresados en una institución de acogida / Growth retardation and nutritional status in foster children

FUNDAMENTO: Se determinó la incidencia de retraso de crecimiento en niños con problemas sociales que ingresaban en una institución de acogida y valoramos la recuperación de dicho retraso tras su paso por el centro. En una segunda fase se analizó el estado nutriticional como posible causa del retraso de crecimiento en niños con problemas sociales. SUJETOS Y MÉTODO: Se estudiaron dos cohortes de niños ingresados en el centro de acogida Estels. Se procedió al análisis retrospectivo del peso y la talla en el momento del ingreso y del alta en el centro de la cohorte A, formada por 118 niños (47 varones y 71 niñas) de edades comprendidas entre un mes y los 15 años. Se determinaron los parámetros nutricionales albúmina, prealbúmina, proteína transportadora de retinol, y los parámetros hormonales IGF-I, IGFBP-3, GHBP y leptina en la cohorte B, compuesta por 31 niños (16 varones y 15 niñas) de 1 a 11 años de edad, a su ingreso en el centro de acogida. RESULTADOS: Grupo A. El 26,2 por ciento (31 sujetos) de los niños que ingresaron en el centro de acogida presentó una talla inferior a -2 desviaciones estándar (DE), 32 (27,1 por ciento) presentaron crecimiento recuperador tras su paso por el mismo, y 15 (46,8 por ciento) de ellos presentaron una recuperación de talla superior a 0,5 DE. Los menores de 2 años de edad fueron los más afectados; el 45 por ciento de ellos presentó talla inferior a -2 DE al ingreso. Grupo B. El estudio nutricional objetivó unos resultados hormonales (IGF-I, IGFBP-3, GHBP y leptina) dentro de la normalidad. Se observaron las siguientes correlaciones significativas entre parámetros hormonales y auxológicos: IGF-I con peso y talla IGFBP-3 con peso y talla, GHBP con IMC y leptina con IMC.CONCLUSIONES: Una proporción significativa de los niños que ingresan en una institución de acogida presenta retraso de crecimiento. En nuestro estudio se detectó crecimiento recuperador en un grupo importante de todos ellos tras su paso por el centro. La malnutrición no es una causa principal del retraso de crecimiento presentado por estos niños (AU)