ABSTRACT
Carabeef samples were sliced, pressed, cured and divided into 6 groups. Starter cultures (Micrococcus varians M483 (MV), Staphylococcus carnosus (SC), Lactobacillus sakei (LS), M. varians M483+ Lb. sakei and Staph. carnosus + Lb. sakei) were inoculated at the dose of 10(6)-0(7)cfu/g and stored at 10 ± 1°C for 7 days. Uninoculated samples were maintained as control. Samples were then divided into 2 treatment groups. Samples of treatment 1 (T1) were smeared with a paste of turmeric followed by application of a thick layer of the paste of garlic, cumin, black pepper and red pepper whereas, samples of treatment 2 (T2) were applied with a thick layer of spices as above without turmeric. With the gradual fall in pH there was a reduction in water-holding capacity (WHC) of samples. The WHC of samples treated with SC+LS of T1 reduced to 6.3 ± 0.03 cm(2) and those inoculated with MV+LS of T2 to 6.2 ± 0.03 cm(2). The extract release volume (ERV) increased in all samples during storage. The least ERV of 11.7 and 11.6 ml were recorded in samples inoculated with MV of T1 and T2, respectively. The tyrosine (TV) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) number of turmeric treated samples were significantly lower than non turmeric treated samples. The samples inoculated with LS had the least TV of 30.9 mg tyrosine/100 g of meat and TBA number of 0.06 mg manoladehyde/kg of meat. Samples inoculated with MV and LS of both T1 and T2 were better in physico-chemical qualities.
ABSTRACT
Repellent properties of Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Syn. Z. alatum Roxb. (Timur), Curcuma aromatica (Jungli haldi) and Azadirachta indica (Neem) oils were evaluated against mosquitoes in mustard (Brassica sp.) and coconut (Cocos sp.) oil base and compared with synthetic repellent. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) as standard. Timur and jungli haldi afforded better protection in the both the base at all the concentrations. Tepellents in mustard oil gave longer protection time than those in coconut oil. At 0.57 mg/cm2 concentration timur oil gave significantly higher protection both in mustard (445 min) as well as coconut oil (404 min) than the other repellents and DMP.
Subject(s)
Insect Bites and Stings/prevention & control , Insect Repellents , Magnoliopsida , Mosquito Control/methods , Plant Oils , HumansABSTRACT
Trials on persistence of repellent properties of N, N-diethyl phenyl acetamide (DEPA), N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), 3acetyl2(2-6-dimethyl-5-heptenyl)oxazolidine(Citronyl) , dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and N-benzoyl piperidine (NBP) on cloth were conducted against land leeches in evergreen rain and deciduous forests of Assam. Results obtained were compared with volatile oil of Zanthoxylum armatum DC. syn. Z. alatum Roxb (Timur) to evaluate its efficacy as leech repellent. DEPA and DEET were found to be the best. Timur oil was at par with Citronyl and exhibited better results than DMP and NBP.
Subject(s)
Acetamides/pharmacology , Acetanilides , DEET/pharmacology , Leeches/drug effects , Pest Control/methods , Protective Clothing , Animals , HumansABSTRACT
Simulium breeding was eliminated in a river up to 30 km with 0.1 ppm Abate (temephos) for 30 min exposure. Teknar (Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis) at 10 ppm for 10 min exposure resulted in 98.4% and 87.9% reduction up to 20 m in 2 sections of a small stream.
Subject(s)
Bacillus thuringiensis , Insecticides , Pest Control/methods , Simuliidae , Temefos , Animals , India , Simuliidae/microbiologyABSTRACT
A total of 1401 adult mosquitoes mainly dominated by Anopheles sundaicus (40.18%) and Culex quinquefasciatus (57.31%) were collected from Kamorta and Great Nicobar Islands. It was revealed from human bait collection that both species prevailed almost all through the night (density 8.1/man hour) with a peak around midnight. Mixed breeding of A. sundaicus with A. vagus, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. bitaeniorhynchus and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was observed at many places. Adult A. sundaicus were found highly susceptible to DDT and larvae to Temephos (Abate). Cx. quinquefasciatus was resistant to DDT (31% mortality). High parity of A. sundaicus (40.42%) is an indication of the vectorial potential of this species to sustain malaria transmission in these islands.
