ABSTRACT
Follicle-stimulating hormone is important for mammalian reproduction. It acts through specific receptors located on the plasma membrane of granulosa cells in ovaries and Sertoli cells in testes. The binding of follicle-stimulating hormone to its receptor activates intracytoplasmic signaling pathways leading to steroidogenesis. These steroids in turn regulate the follicle-stimulating hormone action from the anterior pituitary through exerting negative feedback effect. In addition to steroids, non-steroidal factors secreted by the ovaries are believed to modulate follicle-stimulating hormone action through autocrine/paracrine mode. One such low molecular weight peptide referred to as follicle-stimulating hormone receptor-binding inhibitor-8 purified from human follicular fluid has been extensively studied. Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor-binding inhibitor-8 has been shown to inhibit binding of follicle-stimulating hormone to its receptor. The present article describes the effect of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor-binding inhibitor-8 on follicle-stimulating hormone-induced signaling in rat granulosa cells. Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor-binding inhibitor-8 inhibited the follicle-stimulating hormone-induced cAMP, and the effect was observed to be mediated through the protein kinase A. Further, an inhibitory effect of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor-binding inhibitor-8 on the granulosa cell proliferation was evaluated using COV434 cell line which is derived from the human granulosa cell tumor. The effect of the peptide on the cell cycle analysis showed an increase in apoptotic population and the arrest of G1 phase. These findings suggest that follicle-stimulating hormone receptor-binding inhibitor-8 acts as a follicle-stimulating hormone antagonist and affects the follicle-stimulating hormone-mediated signaling and proliferation in the granulosa cells.
Subject(s)
Carrier Proteins/pharmacology , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Granulosa Cells/drug effects , Peptide Fragments/pharmacology , Receptors, FSH/antagonists & inhibitors , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Animals , Cell Cycle/drug effects , Cell Line , Cyclic AMP/metabolism , Female , Granulosa Cells/cytology , Granulosa Cells/metabolism , Humans , Rats , Receptors, FSH/analysis , Receptors, FSH/metabolismABSTRACT
Nanotechnology is the development of engineered devices at the atomic, molecular and macromolecular level in nanometer range. Nanoparticles have potential application in medical field including diagnostics and therapeutics. Nanotechnology devices are being developed for diagnosis of cancer and infectious diseases which can help in early detection of the disease. Advances in nanotechnology also proved beneficial in therapeutic field such as drug discovery, drug delivery and gene/protein delivery. Nanoparticles can be constructed by various methodology so that effect can be targeted at desired site. In this review, some of the applications of nanoparticles in medicine as diagnostics and therapeutics which can be employed safely at the clinical level have been described. On other hand, as the particles become generally smaller their likehood of causing harm to the lung increases. Therefore, there is a need to study safety of nanoparticles.
