ABSTRACT
Herein, we describe the design and synthesis of γ-secretase modulator (GSM) clinical candidate PF-06648671 (22) for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. A key component of the design involved a 2,5-cis-tetrahydrofuran (THF) linker to impart conformational rigidity and lock the compound into a putative bioactive conformation. This effort was guided using a pharmacophore model since crystallographic information was not available for the membrane-bound γ-secretase protein complex at the time of this work. PF-06648671 achieved excellent alignment of whole cell in vitro potency (Aß42 IC50 = 9.8 nM) and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) parameters. This resulted in favorable in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) profile in preclinical species, and PF-06648671 achieved a human PK profile suitable for once-a-day dosing. Furthermore, PF-06648671 was found to have favorable brain availability in rodent, which translated into excellent central exposure in human and robust reduction of amyloid ß (Aß) 42 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
ABSTRACT
The degree of stability of antibody-drug linkers in systemic circulation, and the rate of their intracellular processing within target cancer cells are among the key factors determining the efficacy of antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) in vivo Previous studies demonstrated the susceptibility of cleavable linkers, as well as auristatin-based payloads, to enzymatic cleavage in rodent plasma. Here, we identify Carboxylesterase 1C as the enzyme responsible for the extracellular hydrolysis of valine-citrulline-p-aminocarbamate (VC-PABC)-based linkers in mouse plasma. We further show that the activity of Carboxylesterase 1C towards VC-PABC-based linkers, and consequently the stability of ADCs in mouse plasma, can be effectively modulated by small chemical modifications to the linker. While the introduced modifications can protect the VC-PABC-based linkers from extracellular cleavage, they do not significantly alter the intracellular linker processing by the lysosomal protease Cathepsin B. The distinct substrate preference of the serum Carboxylesterase 1C offers the opportunity to modulate the extracellular stability of cleavable ADCs without diminishing the intracellular payload release required for ADC efficacy. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(5); 958-70. ©2016 AACR.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Carbamates/chemistry , Citrulline/chemistry , Immunoconjugates/chemistry , Valine/chemistry , Animals , Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics , Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Biomarkers , Carboxylesterase/chemistry , Carboxylesterase/metabolism , Drug Design , Drug Stability , Humans , Immunoconjugates/pharmacokinetics , Immunoconjugates/pharmacology , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Models, Molecular , Molecular Conformation , Molecular Structure , Protein Binding , Structure-Activity RelationshipSubject(s)
Immunoconjugates , Animals , Cell Line, Tumor , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical , Humans , Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions , Immunoconjugates/administration & dosage , Immunoconjugates/chemistry , Immunoconjugates/pharmacology , Immunoconjugates/therapeutic use , Mice , Models, Molecular , Rats , Xenograft Model Antitumor AssaysABSTRACT
Herein we describe the design and synthesis of a novel series of γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) that incorporates a pyridopiperazine-1,6-dione ring system. To align improved potency with favorable ADME and in vitro safety, we applied prospective physicochemical property-driven design coupled with parallel medicinal chemistry techniques to arrive at a novel series containing a conformationally restricted core. Lead compound 51 exhibited good in vitro potency and ADME, which translated into a favorable in vivo pharmacokinetic profile. Furthermore, robust reduction of brain Aß42 was observed in guinea pig at 30 mg/kg dosed orally. Through chemical biology efforts involving the design and synthesis of a clickable photoreactive probe, we demonstrated specific labeling of the presenilin N-terminal fragment (PS1-NTF) within the γ-secretase complex, thus gaining insight into the binding site of this series of GSMs.
Subject(s)
Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/antagonists & inhibitors , Pyridazines/chemical synthesis , Pyridines/chemical synthesis , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/chemistry , Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism , Animals , Binding Sites , CHO Cells , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Drug Design , Guinea Pigs , HEK293 Cells , Humans , Peptide Fragments/metabolism , Presenilin-1/chemistry , Pyridazines/pharmacokinetics , Pyridazines/pharmacology , Pyridines/pharmacokinetics , Pyridines/pharmacology , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
We report the discovery and optimization of a novel series of dihydrobenzofuran amides as γ-secretase modulators (GSMs). Strategies for aligning in vitro potency with drug-like physicochemical properties and good microsomal stability while avoiding P-gp mediated efflux are discussed. Lead compounds such as 35 and 43 have moderate to good in vitro potency and excellent selectivity against Notch. Good oral bioavailability was achieved as well as robust brain Aß42 lowering activity at 100 mg/kg po dose.
