ABSTRACT
AIM: Aim of the study was to recognise the role of psychological disagreement in children and adolescents suffering from functional pain. METHODS: Two groups of children, adolescents and their parents were interviewed: group H (hospitalized patients), group S (students, at school). Suitable investigations excluded organic lesions. The following data were analysed: 1) presence of pain in relation with: i) sex and age; ii) relation with parents, brothers, other relatives, schoolfellows; 2) efficacy of possible treatments. RESULTS: Group H: 194 patients, median age 10 years; 134 referred pain: 62 out of 92 males and 72 out of 102 females; location of pain: abdomen, limbs, head, back. Family disagreements: 36, functional pain 32; schoolfellows disagreements 114, functional pain 79. Correlations of pain with sex, increasing age, family and schoolfellows disagreements: non statistically significant. Group S: 246 students, median age: 13 years; 188 referred pain: 78 out of 118 males and 110 out of 128 females; pain was statistically more frequent in females, it increased with age. Location of pain: limbs, abdomen, head, back. Family disagreements: 31, functional pain 28, schoolfellows disagreements 140, functional pain 114. Correlations of pain with family and schoolfellows disagreements: non-statistically significant. Several parents gave answers which were different from their children's. Pharmacological and dietary interventions failed to obtain regression of pain. CONCLUSION: In both groups, the referred disagreements were not statistically different among children with functional pain and those without pain; such psychological distress was not the only factor causing functional pain. The empiric treatment adopted was inefficacious.
Subject(s)
Inpatients/statistics & numerical data , Interpersonal Relations , Pain/etiology , Parents , Peer Group , Students/statistics & numerical data , Abdominal Pain/etiology , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Algorithms , Arthralgia/etiology , Child , Female , Headache/etiology , Humans , Low Back Pain/etiology , Male , Pain/epidemiology , Pain Measurement , Parents/psychology , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Schools , Sex Factors , Sicily/epidemiology , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
We have applied the meson cloud model to calculate the asymmetries in D and D(s) meson production in high-energy Sigma(-)-nucleus and pi(-)-nucleus collisions. We find a good agreement with recent data. Our results suggest that the asymmetries may decrease at large x(F).
