ABSTRACT
El perfil propio de cada centro tanto desde el punto de vista académico, como profesional, vienemarcado por la claridad de las competencias genéricas y especificas que han de alcanzar sus titulados.La dificultad de la gestión transversal del mapa de competencias de una titulación reside, entre otras,en la necesidad de que cada competencia se ha de servir desde una o más asignaturas y cada asignaturaha de servir a una o más competencias. El objetivo del presente trabajo consiste en sintetizar elproceso de definición e implementación de las competencias de la titulación del Grado en Farmacia,teniendo en cuenta que éstas se han de adecuar, permanentemente, a las demandas sociales, a losrequisitos de calidad de la formación universitaria y a la mejora continua de sus procesos en el marcodel Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES) y de la legislación vigente. Se especifican lascapacidades, habilidades, valores y actitudes personales, a nivel de organización y técnicas a corto,medio y largo plazo, que facultan a los titulados para llevar a cabo las funciones propias de susestudios y que los capacita para el pleno desarrollo de su ejercicio profesional(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Competency-Based Education/organization & administration , Education, Pharmacy/methods , Education, Pharmacy/ethics , Competency-Based Education/methods , Competency-Based Education/standards , Competency-Based Education/trends , Education, Pharmacy/organization & administration , Education, Pharmacy/trendsABSTRACT
We examined the exchange of univalent cations (Na+ and H+) retained on two commercially available synthetic zeolites with Li+ ions present in aqueous solutions in contact with the solids with a view to preparing effective controlled-release pharmaceutical forms. The studied zeolites were manufactured by Merck and featured channel diameters of 0.5 (Zeolite 5A, Ref. 1.05705.250, designated Z-05 in this work) and 1.0 nm (Zeolite 13X, Ref. 1.05703.250, designated Z-10 here). The XRD technique revealed that Z-05 possesses an LTA structure derived from that of sodalite and Z-10 a faujasite-type structure. Their exchange capacities were found to be 2.72 and 3.54 meq/g. The Z-Na + Li(+) / Z-Li + Na(+) and Z-H + Li(+) / Z-Li + H(+) ion-exchange processes were found to be reversible and their kinetic laws to obey the equation (-dC/dt) = k(a) x C(n) x (1-theta) - (k(d) x theta), with n = 1 for Z-10 and n = 2 for Z-05. Based on the equilibrium results, the overall processes involve one (with Z-05) or two single ion-exchange processes (with Z-10). In both cases, the equations that govern equilibrium are direct results of the kinetic laws. Thus, the first process-the one with only Z-05-involves the retention of Li+ cations at anionic sites on the outer surface of the solid and their access to the larger pores; the second process-which occurs with Z-10 only-involves the retention of lithium(I) cations within the zeolite channels. In both systems, the exchange with Li+ (from the aqueous solution) is easier than that with H+; this is consistent with our kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic results.
Subject(s)
Ion Exchange , Lithium/chemistry , Zeolites/chemistry , Cations, Monovalent/chemistry , Delayed-Action Preparations/chemistry , KineticsABSTRACT
In this paper we used a previously reported model for examining the adsorption of nonelectrolytes in solution by solid adsorbents to study the adsorption of lithium(I) cations by acid and sodium amberlites, which is an ion-exchange process. Based on the results, both are equilibrium processes and obey a kinetic law with a unity partial order in the Li+ concentration. The kinetic results were used to calculate the specific rate constants and thermodynamic activation functions involved. Also, equilibrium isotherms were used to determine the corresponding ion-exchange capacities, the individual equilibrium constants, and the thermodynamic functions for the overall process.
ABSTRACT
The knowledge of the adsorption processes of nonelectrolytes from liquid solution on solid materials involves the study of their kinetic and equilibrium aspects as well as the understanding of their thermodynamic functions. However, in most published papers adsorption isotherms are analyzed by using the Giles classification and other proposed equations which are either empirical or based on kinetic or thermodynamic criteria. Our opinion is that both the kinetic and the equilibrium studies must be complementary and that, in general, equations describing the adsorption isotherms come from the kinetic laws governing the different partial processes which determine the global process. These kinetic laws may be derived from single models. In this paper a single model is proposed, which makes it possible to establish a kinetic law satisfactorily fitting a great number of C (concentration) vs t (time) isotherms. This model has been applied to study the adsorption process of prednisolone by six carbonaceous materials from ethanol solution, the specific adsorption rate, and the activation thermodynamic functions being calculated. The results obtained have also been used to analyze the influence of the intraparticle diffusion on the kinetics of the process.
ABSTRACT
The knowledge of sorption processes of nonelectrolytes in solution by solid adsorbents implies the study of kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamic functions. However, quite frequently the equilibrium isotherms are studied by comparing them with those corresponding to the Giles et al. classification (1); these isotherms are also analyzed by fitting them to equations based on thermodynamic or kinetic criteria, and even to empirical equations. Nevertheless, information obtained is more coherent and satisfactory if the adsorption isotherms are fitted by using an equation describing the equilibrium isotherms according to the kinetic laws. These mentioned laws would determine each one of the unitary processes (one or more) which condition the global process. In this paper, an adsorption process of prednisolone in solution by six carbonaceous materials is explained according to a previously proposed single model, which allows to establish a kinetic law which fits satisfactorily most of C vs t isotherms (2). According to the above-mentioned kinetic law, equations describing sorption equilibrium processes have been deducted, and experimental data points have been fitted to these equations; such a fitting yields to different values of adsorption capacity and kinetic equilibrium constants for the different processes at several temperatures. However, in spite of their practical interest, these constants have no thermodynamic signification. Thus, the thermodynamic equilibrium constant (K) has been calculated by using a modified expression of the Gaines et al. equation (3). Global average values of the thermodynamic functions have also been calculated from the K values. Information related to variations of DeltaH and DeltaS with the surface coverage fraction was obtained by using the corresponding Clausius-Clapeyron equations.