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1.
J Environ Manage ; 159: 288-300, 2015 Aug 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26024992

ABSTRACT

Phosphate coating hazardous wastes originated from the automotive industry were efficiently encapsulated by an acid-base reaction between phosphates present in the sludge and calcium aluminate cement, yielding very inert and stable monolithic blocks of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP). Two different compositions of industrial sludge were characterized and loaded in ratios ranging from 10 to 50 wt.%. Setting times and compressive strengths were recorded to establish the feasibility of this method to achieve a good handling and a safe landfilling of these samples. Short solidification periods were found and leaching tests showed an excellent retention for toxic metals (Zn, Ni, Cu, Cr and Mn) and for organic matter. Retentions over 99.9% for Zn and Mn were observed even for loadings as high as 50 wt.% of the wastes. The formation of ACP phase of low porosity and high stability accounted for the effective immobilization of the hazardous components of the wastes.


Subject(s)
Calcium Phosphates/chemistry , Hazardous Waste , Metals/analysis , Phosphates/chemistry , Sewage/chemistry , Waste Management/methods , Aluminum Compounds/chemistry , Calcium Compounds/chemistry , Industrial Waste , Waste Disposal Facilities
2.
J Environ Manage ; 140: 1-13, 2014 Jul 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24721638

ABSTRACT

Polyphosphate-modified calcium aluminate cement matrices were prepared by using aqueous solutions polluted with toxic metals as mixing water to obtain waste-containing solid blocks with improved management and disposal. Synthetically contaminated waters containing either Pb or Cu or Zn were incorporated into phosphoaluminate cement mortars and the effects of the metal's presence on setting time and mechanical performance were assessed. Sorption and leaching tests were also executed and both retention and release patterns were investigated. For all three metals, high uptake capacities as well as percentages of retention larger than 99.9% were measured. Both Pb and Cu were seen to be largely compatible with this cementitious matrix, rendering the obtained blocks suitable for landfilling or for building purposes. However, Zn spoilt the compressive strength values because of its reaction with hydrogen phosphate anions, hindering the development of the binding matrix.


Subject(s)
Aluminum Compounds/chemistry , Calcium Compounds/chemistry , Metals, Heavy/chemistry , Phosphates/chemistry , Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry , Adsorption , Compressive Strength , Construction Materials , Industrial Waste , Solutions , Waste Management/methods
3.
J Hazard Mater ; 260: 89-103, 2013 Sep 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23747467

ABSTRACT

The ability of calcium aluminate cement (CAC) to encapsulate toxic metals (Pb, Zn and Cu) was assessed under two curing conditions. Changes in the consistency and in the setting time were found upon the addition of the nitrates of the target metals. Both Pb and Cu caused a delay in CAC hydration, while Zn accelerated the stiffening of the mortar. Compressive strengths of the metal-doped mortars, when initially cured at 60 °C/100% RH, were comparable with that of the free-metal mortar. Three different pore size distribution patterns were identified and related to the compounds identified by XRD and SEM. Sorbent capacities of CAC for the toxic metals were excellent: a total uptake was achieved for up to 3 wt.% loading of the three metals. In this way, CAC mortars were perfectly able to encapsulate the toxic metals, allowing the use of CAC for waste management as proved by the leaching tests.


Subject(s)
Aluminum Compounds/chemistry , Calcium Compounds/chemistry , Construction Materials , Copper/chemistry , Lead/chemistry , Zinc/chemistry , Adsorption , Compressive Strength , Materials Testing , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Time Factors , Waste Management , X-Ray Diffraction
4.
J Hazard Mater ; 233-234: 7-17, 2012 Sep 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22824786

ABSTRACT

Cement mortars loaded with Cr, Pb and Zn were modified by polymeric admixtures [chitosans with low (LMWCH), medium (MMWCH) and high (HMWCH) molecular weight and hydroxypropylchitosan (HPCH)]. The influence of the simultaneous presence of the heavy metal and the polymeric additive on the fresh properties (consistency, water retention and setting time) and on the compressive strength of the mortars was assessed. Leaching patterns as well as properties of the cement mortars were related to the heavy metals-bearing solid phases. Chitosan admixtures lessened the effect of the addition of Cr and Pb on the setting time. In all instances, chitosans improved the compressive strength of the Zn-bearing mortars yielding values as high as 15 N mm(-2). A newly reported Zn phase, dietrichite (ZnAl(2)(SO(4))(4)·22H(2)O) was identified under the presence of LMWCH: it was responsible for an improvement by 24% in Zn retention. Lead-bearing silicates, such as plumalsite (Pb(4)Al(2)(SiO(3))(7)), were also identified by XRD confirming that Pb was mainly retained as a part of the silicate network after Ca ion exchange. Also, the presence of polymer induced the appearance and stabilization of some Pb(IV) species. Finally, diverse chromate species were identified and related to the larger leaching values of Cr(VI).


Subject(s)
Chitosan/chemistry , Construction Materials , Environmental Pollutants/chemistry , Metals, Heavy/chemistry , Waste Management/methods , Compressive Strength , Environmental Pollutants/analysis , Metals, Heavy/analysis
5.
J Hazard Mater ; 194: 223-31, 2011 Oct 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21872984

ABSTRACT

The performance of an etherified chitosan, carboxymethylchitosan (CMCH), when added to cement mortars doped with heavy metals, was assessed. In the presence of heavy metals (Cr, Pb, Zn) strong modifications of the fresh-state properties were evaluated. The addition of the polymer was seen to be useful in minimising some of these modifications, as those related to the setting time. A competitive mechanism for adsorption between the oxoanionic form of the metals and the carboxylate groups of the chitosan derivative was established. Studies on the metal chelating ability of the polymer and leaching from the hardened specimens showed scarce complexation under alkaline conditions, pointing to physical entrapment based on metal adsorption. However, significant chelation of metals was proved at near-neutral pH, suggesting the potential usefulness of the polymer as an agent for removing heavy metals from polluted waters and subsequently immobilizing them in cement mortars. Leaching tests carried out on polymer-metal complex-bearing samples showed a reduction in the amount of released Pb and Zn.


Subject(s)
Chitosan/analogs & derivatives , Construction Materials , Metals, Heavy/chemistry , Adsorption , Chitosan/chemistry
7.
Eur J Clin Nutr ; 63(7): 858-64, 2009 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18985060

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the associations between serum complement factor 3 (C3) and several anthropometrical, biochemical and lifestyle features in healthy young adults, emphasizing on the putative effect of selenium intake on C3 concentrations. METHODS: This study enrolled 100 healthy young adults aged 18-34 years. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements and lifestyle features were analyzed. Fasting blood samples were collected for the measurement of glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerols and C3 concentrations. Nail samples were collected for the analysis of selenium concentrations. RESULTS: Values of BMI (P=0.034), sum of skinfold thicknesses (STs) (P=0.021), body fat mass (BFM) (P=0.023), percentage of overweight subjects (P=0.007), serum triacylglycerols (P=0.012) and nail selenium (P=0.001) were significantly different between subjects above and below the median of serum C3 concentrations. The following correlations with serum C3 were identified tricipital ST (P=0.033), sum of STs (P=0.012), BMI (P=0.008), BFM (P=0.018), waist-to-height ratio (P=0.016), serum glucose (P=0.045), serum triacylglycerols (P=0.001) and nail selenium (P=0.006). Circulating C3 showed a positive association with several adiposity markers such as BMI (P=0.001), waist circumference (P=0.006), waist-to-height ratio (P=0.002), BFM (P=0.025), as well as serum glucose (P=0.027) and triacylglycerols (P<0.001), whereas nail selenium was a statistically significant negative predictor of C3 concentrations (P=0.018). CONCLUSIONS: C3 seems to be related with selenium status and several anthropometrical and biochemical measurements linked to metabolic syndrome in apparently healthy young adults. These findings suggest a possible role for selenium intake in the modulation of C3, whose assessment may be an early marker of metabolic syndrome manifestations.


Subject(s)
Complement C3/analysis , Selenium/administration & dosage , Selenium/analysis , Trace Elements/administration & dosage , Trace Elements/analysis , Adolescent , Adult , Biomarkers/blood , Blood Glucose/analysis , Body Weights and Measures , Exercise , Female , Humans , Insulin/blood , Lipids/blood , Male , Metabolic Syndrome/blood , Metabolic Syndrome/diagnosis , Micronutrients/therapeutic use , Nails/chemistry , Smoking , Young Adult
8.
Food Addit Contam ; 22(8): 726-34, 2005 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16147428

ABSTRACT

Lead concentrations in 82 different types of infant formulae (cow's milk and soy based) marked in Spain were analysed by acid-microwave decomposition and anodic stripping voltammetry. Dietary lead intake from infant formula and tap water used for powder formula reconstitution were estimated in comparison with the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). Additionally, the influence of physical state (powder and ready-to-use formulae), the type of container used and the impact of the industrial process from different manufacturers on lead levels were evaluated. According to the results, lead exposure from drinking water was negligible with respect to formulae investigated; where soya formulae contributed the highest intake (58-73% PTWI), non-adapted starter and specialized formulae gave an moderate intake (31-42 and 26-37% PTWI, respectively), and, finally, pre-term, adapted starter and follow-up formulae provided the lowest lead intake (22-25, 22-26 and 16-22% PTWI, respectively). Based on the current state of knowledge about lead toxicity, manufacturers are called to make an additional effort in order to keep a maximum lead level at 20 microg l-1 for all infant formulae, although it is recommendable that these formulations supply the upper limit (5 microg l-1) of 'normal' human milk.


Subject(s)
Environmental Pollutants/analysis , Food Contamination , Infant Formula/chemistry , Lead/analysis , Animals , Cattle , Diet , Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage , Environmental Pollutants/administration & dosage , Food Handling/methods , Humans , Infant , Lead/administration & dosage , Milk/chemistry , Milk, Human/chemistry , Soy Milk/administration & dosage , Soy Milk/chemistry , Spain , Water/analysis
9.
Acta pediatr. esp ; 63(4): 155-160, abr. 2005. ilus, tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-038204

ABSTRACT

Las fórmulas infantiles comerciales deben proporcionar una alternativa eficaz a la leche humana, aportando una fuente nutricional segura y adecuada a las necesidades del lactante. La posibilidad de que el aluminio pueda ocasionar problemas de toxicidad justifica el objeto principal de este estudio: la comparación de la ingestión proporcionada con las fórmulas infantiles investigadas y la ingestión semanal tolerable provisional (ISTP) establecidas por el comité mixto FAO/OMS de expertos en aditivos alimentarios. Asimismo, resulta interesante valorar el aporte de aluminio a la dieta del lactante a través del agua utilizada en la reconstitución de los biberones, dado que, según la legislación vigente, se pueden aportar contenidos similares a los suministrados por las fórmulas infantiles. Los niveles de concentración de aluminio se han analizado mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica con cámara de grafito, empleándose escrupulosos protocolos de toma y tratamiento de la muestra para evitar la contaminación metálica. Las fórmulas para toda la lactancia, las adaptadas de inicio y continuación proporcionan las menores ingestiones de aluminio (4% de la ISTP), seguidas de las especiales (11-12%); las fórmulas de soja son las que aportan una mayor ingestión (15%). Las fórmulas para prematuros presentan una ingestión del 8-10%, muy lejos de los valores aportados por la leche humana de madres españolas (0,1 %) y del límite superior del valor de referencia bibliográfico de leche humana (1,3%). El contenido de aluminio en el agua de reconstitución no constituye un gran riesgo potencial para la salud de los lactantes, aunque es necesario considerar la variabilidad en el agua potable, dependiendo del medio geoquímico


Commercially available infant formulas should serve as an effective alternative to human milk, supplying a safe dietary source adapted to the needs of the infant. The possibility that aluminium may produce toxicity justifies the main objective of this study: the comparison of the amounts of this element consumed with the infant formulas examined and the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) established by the Joint FAD/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. We also considered it of interest to assess the contribution of the water utilized to reconstitute the formula to the aluminium in the infant diet given that, according to the legislation currently in force, the contents can be similar to those supplied by the infant formulas. The aluminium levels were analyzed using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry, applying strict protocols for sample collection and treatment in order to avoid metal contamination. The formulas for the entire preweaning period and adapted starter and follow-up formulas provide the lowest aluminium intake (4% of the PTWI), followed by special formulas (11 % to 12%), while the soy-based formulas contribute the highest amount (15%). Formulas for premature infants provide 8% to 10%, much higher than the values provided by the breast milk of Spanish mothers (0.1%) and the upper reference value for human milk according to the literature (1.3%). The aluminium content in the water used for reconstitution does not represent a great potential risk for the health of infants although, depending on the geochemical medium, it is necessary to take into consideration the variability in the drinking water


Subject(s)
Infant , Humans , Trace Elements/chemical synthesis , Trace Elements/metabolism , Infant Formula/administration & dosage , Infant Formula/chemical synthesis , Food, Formulated/analysis , Food, Formulated/toxicity , Aluminum/toxicity , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Trace Elements/adverse effects , Infant Formula/standards , Parenteral Nutrition/standards , Parenteral Nutrition
10.
Acta pediatr. esp ; 63(3): 114-120, mar. 2005. ilus, tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-038198

ABSTRACT

Los altos contenidos de aluminio encontrados en las fórmulas infantiles con mayor grado de procesamiento han llevado a las organizaciones pediátricas a solicitar su evaluación, especialmente en los preparados para lactantes pretérmino. Los objetivos de este estudio son: valorar los contenidos de aluminio en los diferentes tipos de fórmula infantil comercializados en España; determinar los factores condicionantes de su preparación por parte de las diferentes casas comerciales, y aportar un nivel máximo de aluminio recomendable para las fórmulas infantiles. La metodología empleada ha seguido un escrupuloso protocolo para evitar cualquier contaminación metálica durante el proceso de toma y tratamiento de la muestra. La digestión de las muestras se ha llevado a cabo con ácido nítrico subboiling en un sistema cerrado de microndas y bombas de digestión de teflón de alta presión. Los valores de concentración de aluminio se han determinado por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica con atomización electrotérmica. Los contenidos de aluminio obtenidos son muy variables, dependiendo del tipo de fórmula analizado. Globalmente, las fórmulas infantiles estudiadas proporcionan unos niveles de concentración muy superiores a los hallados en la leche materna, especialmente aquellas formulaciones de alta complejidad tecnológica (fórmulas especiales, de soja y para prematuros).Es conveniente solicitar a las diferentes casas comerciales continuados esfuerzos para reducir el nivel de aluminio, introducir programas rutinarios de control y observar el valor guía máximo de 300 mg/L, principalmente en las fórmulas para pretérmino


The elevated aluminum content in highly processed infant formulas has led pediatric organizations to request their evaluation, especially the preparations for preterm infants. The objectives of this study were to assess the aluminum content in the different types of infant formulas commercially available in Spain, determine the factors that condition their preparation by the different manufacturers and establish a maximum recommended aluminum level in infant formulas. A strict protocol was followed in order to avoid metal contamination during sample acquisition and handling. The samples were digested with nitric acid in a closed system involving microwave heating and high-pressure Teflon digestion pumps. The aluminum concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with electrothermal atomization. The aluminum levels varied widely depending on the type of formula analyzed. Overall, the infant formulas studied contained concentrations much higher than those found in breast milk, especially those that were technologically more complex (special formulas, soy-based formulas and those specific for premature infants).In view of the results obtained, the manufacturers should be asked to make a continuous effort to reduce the aluminum level, introduce routine control programs and observe a maximum guideline value of 300 mg/L, especially in the formulas for preterm infants


Subject(s)
Infant , Child , Humans , Trace Elements/chemical synthesis , Trace Elements/metabolism , Infant Formula/administration & dosage , Infant Formula/chemical synthesis , Food, Formulated/analysis , Food, Formulated/toxicity , Aluminum/toxicity , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Trace Elements/adverse effects , Infant Formula/standards , Parenteral Nutrition/standards , Parenteral Nutrition
11.
Acta pediatr. esp ; 62(5): 194-205, mayo 2004. tab, ilus
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-33273

ABSTRACT

La alimentación de los lactantes mediante fórmulas lácteas no suplementadas durante periodos de tiempo prolongados presenta el riesgo de desarrollar deficiencias nutricionales de diversos oligoelementos; en contraste, los lactantes alimentados con leche materna rara vez presentan alguna deficiencia mineral. Dado que la concentración de estos oligoelementos en la leche humana con frecuencia es inferior o igual a la de las fórmulas lácteas -incluso sin suplementar-, parece claro que está implicada una mayor biodisponibilidad de estos elementos desde la leche humana. Es obligada la comparación entre la leche humana y la de vaca, ya que esta última va a ser, en definitiva, la materia prima principal de muchas fórmulas infantiles. Ello permite utilizar sus valores de concentración con fines comparativos, en cuanto a la cantidad suministrada de elementos traza y el establecimiento de su distinta distribución entre los componentes mayoritarios. Este trabajo presenta una amplia revisión de los principales estudios de biodisponibilidad de elementos traza en leche humana, leche de vaca y fórmulas infantiles. Dado que la absorción y posterior utilización de los elementos traza por el neonato no sólo depende del contenido total en la fórmula infantil, sino también de la forma química en la que se encuentran y los compuestos en los que se integran, parece oportuno caracterizar tanto los componentes principales de la fórmula infantil como los micronutrientes para encontrar las formas químicas más adecuadas y de mejor biodisponibilidad; ello debe realizarse mediante estudios de especiación para evitar las posibles interacciones debidas a las altas concentraciones inorgánicas añadidas, con la finalidad de acercarse aún más, si cabe, al estándar de alimentación infantil: la leche materna (AU)


Subject(s)
Infant , Humans , Trace Elements/administration & dosage , Biological Availability , Food, Formulated/analysis , Milk , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Breast-Milk Substitutes
13.
Acta pediatr. esp ; 62(3): 108-117, mar. 2004. tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-32280

ABSTRACT

La leche materna sirve de referencia en cuanto al contenido de micronutrientes ya que, por razones éticas, dichos datos no pueden ser obtenidos de lactantes humanos en buen estado de salud. La concentración de los distintos oligoelementos en la leche materna va disminuyendo a medida que transcurre el tiempo de lactancia, por lo que llegado el cuarto mes, si el niño es exclusivamente alimentado con leche materna y pertenece a un grupo particularmente predispuesto (bajos depósitos orgánicos, incremento de las necesidades, aumento de pérdidas, reducción de la absorción intestinal), pueden desarrollarse cuadros de deficiencias nutricionales dependientes del oligoelemento deficitario. El presente trabajo recoge los contenidos de los principales elementos traza esenciales (hierro, cinc, cobre, manganeso y selenio) y aquellos potencialmente tóxicos (aluminio, plomo y cadmio) hallados en las fórmulas infantiles en una amplia revisión bibliográfica. Los requerimientos nutricionales de elementos traza son específicos de cada neonato. Las recomendaciones dietéticas deben establecerse de manera que incluyan pautas bastante generosas, considerando la amplia variación interindividual, para que se cubran las necesidades de la mayor parte de la población neonatal. Atendiendo a esta consideración, el Comité conjunto de la OMS/ FAO/IAEA incorpora dos nuevos conceptos, no considerados anteriormente, sobre requerimientos de elementos traza: requerimientos basales y normalizados. Con este estudio se ha dado un gran paso en el establecimiento de recomendaciones dietéticas para lactantes, aunque no se debe perder de vista que esta estimación de ingestión dietética no es suficiente en sí misma: es necesario una mayor investigación en los equilibrios metabólicos de elementos traza en el organismo neonatal y se requiere un mayor conocimiento de las formas químicas biodisponibles adecuadas a la nutrición pediátrica (AU)


Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Breast Feeding , Trace Elements/administration & dosage , Food, Fortified , Food, Formulated , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Spain
14.
Acta pediatr. esp ; 62(2): 62-68, feb. 2004. tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-32273

ABSTRACT

La nutrición infantil ha experimentado una creciente evolución en función de los estudios de investigación desarrollados y de los diferentes criterios adoptados para establecer unas recomendaciones que satisfagan plenamente las necesidades fisiológicas y las demandas nutricionales del neonato. La normativa de composición de las fórmulas ha sido dictada por la European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition (ESPGAN) y la American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). Recientemente, el panel de expertos del Life Sciences Research Office (LSRO) de la American Society for Nutritional Sciences (ASNS) ha establecido las últimas disposiciones en relación con los valores recomendados de diferentes nutrientes en las fórmulas infantiles, de manera que su cumplimiento asegure y proporcione, por sí mismo, la única fuente de alimento de los lactantes a término durante su primer año de vida. No hay duda de que la lactancia natural es la más adecuada para el recién nacido y que es preferible a cualquier otro tipo de alimentación infantil. No obstante, el empleo de las fórmulas infantiles se hace imprescindible en aquellos casos en que no sea posible la alimentación del lactante con leche materna. El modelo de lactancia natural en España es similar al de los países del área industrializada del mundo, aunque su duración es sensiblemente inferior a la descrita para otros países del área europea; se abandona masivamente a lo largo del primer semestre de vida. No sólo se debe considerar la leche materna desde aspectos analíticos cuantitativos en cuanto a su contenido en nutrientes esenciales, sino también es necesario que las fórmulas infantiles proporcionen una fuente de micronutrientes biodisponibles; en este sentido, todavía hoy los conocimientos sobre ingesta, requerimientos, biodisponibilidad e intervalos de tolerancia de gran parte: de los oligoelementos, con respecto a su influencia en el desarrollo infantil, son todavía limitados e insuficientes (AU)


Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Breast Feeding , Trace Elements , Food, Fortified , Food, Formulated , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Spain
15.
Food Addit Contam ; 20(5): 470-81, 2003 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12775466

ABSTRACT

Levels of aluminium in 82 different infant formulae from nine different manufacturers in Spain were determined by acid-microwave digestion and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The influence of aluminium content in tap water in reconstituted powder formulae was examined and an estimate was made of the theoretical toxic aluminium intake in comparison with the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). Possible interactions between aluminium and certain essential trace elements added to infant formulations have been studied according to the type or main protein-based infant formula. In general, the infant formulae contained a higher aluminium content than that found in human milk, especially in the case of soya, preterm or hydrolysed casein-based formulae. Standard formulae gave lower aluminium intakes amounting to about 4% PTWI. Specialized and preterm formulae resulted in a moderate intake (11-12 and 8-10% PTWI, respectively) and soya formulae contributed the highest intake (15% PTWI). Aluminium exposure from drinking water used for powder formula reconstitution was not considered a potential risk. In accordance with the present state of knowledge about aluminium toxicity, it seems prudent to call for continued efforts to standardize routine quality control and reduce aluminium levels in infant formula as well as to keep the aluminium concentration under 300 microg l(-1) for all infant formulae, most specifically those formulae for premature and low birth neonates.


Subject(s)
Aluminum/analysis , Food Contamination/analysis , Infant Food/analysis , Aluminum/administration & dosage , Food Analysis/methods , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Maximum Allowable Concentration , Milk, Human/chemistry , Quality Assurance, Health Care , Spain , Spectrophotometry, Atomic , Water Supply/analysis
16.
Rev. esp. pediatr. (Ed. impr.) ; 57(1): 46-57, ene. 2001.
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-450

ABSTRACT

La deficiencia de elementos traza durante el periodo neonatal tiene gran influencia en el desarrollo posterior del lactante. Las cantidades diariamente requeridas de oligoelementos son mínimas, proporcionadas por la lecha humana o de fórmula, única fuente nutricional durante la etapa de lactancia exclusiva. Los requerimientos de elementos traza son específicos para cada individuo. Considerando esta amplia variación interindividual, las recomendaciones dietéticas deben establecerse de una forma bastante amplia para cubrir las necesidades de la mayoría de la población. Por razones de ética, existen algunos datos que no pueden ser obtenidos de los lactantes en buen estado de salud sino por extrapolación de otros estudios, con todas las limitaciones inherentes a dicha deducción. La leche humana sirve de referencia en cuanto a los valores de elementos traza contenidos. En este estudio se revisan los valores de ingesta dietética diaria de elementos traza esenciales (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn y Se) y potencialmente tóxicos (Al, Pb y Cd) proporcionada por la leche materna y las fórmulas infantiles, comparándolos con los valores de ingesta recomendados por organismos competentes. A pesar de los innumerables esfuerzos realizados por numerosos investigadores, permanecen existiendo discrepancias y desconocimiento en algunos aspectos relevantes de algunos elementos traza esenciales, manifestándose la gran necesidad de nuevos estudios relevantes con objeto de cubrir las necesidades nutricionales de elementos traza de todos los lactantes (AU)


Subject(s)
Infant , Humans , Nutritional Requirements , Trace Elements , Milk, Human , Infant Food , Diet
17.
Acta pediatr. esp ; 58(9): 521-528, oct. 2000. tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-9775

ABSTRACT

Los lactantes representan el grupo poblacional de mayor riesgo de padecer deficiencia nutricional de selenio, el cual se considera un micro-constituyente básico en la alimentación infantil. Su esencialidad viene determinada por el hecho de que su ingestión por debajo de las recomendaciones se traduce en una clara sintomatología de déficit. Este estudio determina los valores de concentración de selenio en los diferentes tipos de fórmulas infantiles comercializadas en España, incluyendo preparados para lactantes en polvo como liquidas, tanto fórmulas lácteas como a base de aislado de soja. La metodología empleada ha seguido un escrupuloso protocolo para evitar cualquier contaminación metálica durante el proceso de toma y tratamiento de la muestra. La digestión de las muestras se ha llevado a cabo con ácido nítrico subboiling en un sistema cerrado de microondas y bombas de digestión de teflón de alta presión. Los valores de concentración de selenio se han determinado por espectrometría de emisión atómica con plasma acoplado por inducción y generador de hidruros. Los resultados obtenidos presentan, en términos generales, una amplia variabilidad dependiente de la fracción proteica contenida y son similares a los encontrados por otros autores en fórmulas europeas, asiáticas y americanas. Se expresan los niveles de concentración considerando su estado de agregación comparativamente con los valores proporcionados por las casas comerciales. Se ha calculado el porcentaje de satisfacción de la Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) de selenio en relación con la estimación realizada de la ingesta dietética teórica proporcionada por las fórmulas infantiles. En general, las fórmulas infantiles investigadas cumplen las recomendaciones especificadas por los organismos pediátricos internacionales y la legislación europea, aunque algunas de ellas (fórmulas para toda la lactancia, adaptadas de inicio, especiales sin lactosa y soja) proporcionan un aporte de selenio que no alcanza la RDA durante los primeros meses de vida del lactante, lo que ocasiona un riesgo para la salud del neonato. A la luz de los conocimientos actuales, parece oportuno recomendar la suplementación de las fórmulas infantiles con selenio, considerando la forma química utilizada mediante estudios de especiación química (AU)


Subject(s)
Female , Infant , Male , Humans , Selenium/analysis , Food, Formulated/analysis , Foods, Specialized/analysis , Food, Fortified/analysis
18.
Acta Paediatr ; 86(3): 248-53, 1997 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9099313

ABSTRACT

This investigation was carried out to show the possible association between groups of children with extreme values of copper and zinc concentrations and cardiovascular risk indicators. Serum copper and zinc concentrations were analysed in a group of 3887 children from Navarra, Spain (both sexes. aged 4-17 years). Hypertension, unfavourable serum lipid profile (total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and cholesterol/HDL and LDL/HDL ratios), and degree of adiposity (weight, height, subcutaneous skinfolds, Quetelet's index and mean of subcutaneous skinfolds) were evaluated. Positive correlation was found between several lipid parameters and copper and zinc concentrations, i.e. degree of correlation related with age, except for copper/HDL and triglycerides/zinc ratios, where correlation remained negative at all points. Copper levels were correlated with adiposity parameters in an age-dependent fashion (Quetelet's index: r = 0.01 for ages 4-7 years to r = 0.10, p < 0.01 for ages 14-17 years; mean skinfold thickness: r = 0.05 for ages 4-7 years up to r = 0.18, p < 0.01 for ages 14-17 years). Most correlations between lipid parameters and copper and zinc are markedly amplified if adiposity parameters are taken into account. However, the only significant association was the established relation between high copper concentrations (> x + 2SD) and unfavourable serum lipid profile (LDL/HDL > 2.2).


Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/blood , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Copper/blood , Zinc/blood , Adipose Tissue , Adolescent , Age Factors , Blood Pressure , Child , Child, Preschool , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , Female , Humans , Incidence , Lipoproteins, HDL/blood , Male , Random Allocation , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Sex Factors , Skinfold Thickness , Spain/epidemiology , Triglycerides/blood
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