ABSTRACT
Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in Americas led to extensive efforts to develop vaccines and ZIKV-specific diagnostics. In the current study, we use whole genome phage display library spanning the entire ZIKV genome (ZIKV-GFPDL) for in-depth immune profiling of IgG and IgM antibody repertoires in serum and urine longitudinal samples from individuals acutely infected with ZIKV. We observe a very diverse IgM immune repertoire encompassing the entire ZIKV polyprotein on day 0 in both serum and urine. ZIKV-specific IgG antibodies increase 10-fold between day 0 and day 7 in serum, but not in urine; these are highly focused on prM/E, NS1 and NS2B. Differential antibody affinity maturation is observed against ZIKV structural E protein compared with nonstructural protein NS1. Serum antibody affinity to ZIKV-E protein inversely correlates with ZIKV disease symptoms. Our study provides insight into unlinked evolution of immune response to ZIKV infection and identified unique targets for ZIKV serodiagnostics.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Viral/blood , Zika Virus Infection/immunology , Antibodies, Viral/immunology , Antibody Affinity/physiology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Humans , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Viral Nonstructural Proteins/metabolism , Viral Vaccines/immunology , Zika Virus/immunology , Zika Virus Infection/diagnosisABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The treatment of nosocomial infections is hindered by the increasing antimicrobial resistance pattern of germs that cause them. The objective was to assess trends in resistance of bacteria isolated from nosocomial infections. METHODS: Retrospective study from 2009 to 2012 on a third level hospital in Chiapas. RESULTS: 1300 germs were obtained, 62.3 % Gram negative bacteria, 22.8 % Gram positive and 14.9 % yeasts; imipenem resistance of P. aeruginosa went from 47.1 to 60.5 %, E. coli showed an increased resistance to aztreonam, cefepime and ceftazidime, A. baumannii increased resistance to amikacin, cefepime, ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin. Klebsiella pneumoniae decreased its resistance to amikacin and piperacillin/tazobactam; vancomycin resistance ranges from 3.6 to 25.5 %. CONCLUSION: Gram negative organisms predominated, showing increasing trends in antimicrobial resistance. There was a proportional increase in the incidence of infection from E. coli, C. tropicalis and S. haemolyticus. It is essential to have programs and plans for the rational and evidence-based use of antimicrobials, as well as dissemination and adherence to clinical practice guidelines and the implementation of innovative programs for the prevention and control of nosocomial infections, isolation techniques and general care.
Introducción: el tratamiento de las infecciones nosocomiales se dificulta por la tendencia al incremento de la resistencia a antimicrobianos de los gérmenes que las causan. El objetivo fue evaluar las tendencias en la resistencia de las bacterias de aislados de infección nosocomial. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo de 2009 a 2012 en un hospital de tercer nivel en Chiapas. Resultados: fueron obtenidos 1300 gérmenes, 62.3 % bacterias Gram negativas, 22.8 % Gram positivas y 14.9 % levaduras; Pseudomonas aeruginosa pasó del 47.1 al 60.5 % de resistencia a imipenem; Escherichia coli mostró un aumento en la resistencia a aztreonam, cefepime y ceftazidima; Acitenobacter baumannii incrementó su resistencia a amikacina, cefepime, ceftazidima y ciprofloxacino; Klebsiella pneumoniae disminuyó su resistencia a amikacina y piperacilina/tazobactam; la resistencia a vancomicina fue del 3.6 al 25.5 %. Conclusiones: predominaron los gérmenes Gram negativos y mostraron tendencias al incremento en la resistencia antimicrobiana. Hubo un aumento proporcional de la incidencia de infección por E. coli, Candida tropicalis y Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Es indispensable contar con planes y programas para el uso racional y basado en evidencia de antimicrobianos, así como la difusión y el apego a las guías de práctica clínica y la implementación de programas novedosos para la vigilancia y el control de las infecciones hospitalarias, las técnicas de aislamiento y los cuidados generales.
Subject(s)
Candida/drug effects , Cross Infection/microbiology , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Drug Resistance, Fungal , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Candida/isolation & purification , Candidiasis/diagnosis , Candidiasis/microbiology , Cross Infection/diagnosis , Gram-Negative Bacteria/isolation & purification , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/diagnosis , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Gram-Positive Bacteria/isolation & purification , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/diagnosis , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Humans , Mexico , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Cervical cancer development from a squamous intraepithelial lesion is thought to be favored by an impaired T cell immunity. We evaluated parameters of T cell alterations such as proliferation, cytokine, and CD3zeta expression in peripheral blood and tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes from women with squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) or cervical cancer (CC). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: T cell proliferation and cytokine messenger RNA (mRNA) expression were similar in women with SIL and healthy donors, whereas low T cell proliferation and lower mRNA expression of IL-2, IL-10 and IFN-gamma were observed in women with CC. Moreover, infiltrating cells showed marginal responses. We also found that CD3zeta mRNA expression, whose protein is required for T cell activation, correlated with a decreased proliferation in advanced stages of the disease. CONCLUSION: Experiments with T cells from healthy donors in the presence TGF-beta1 or IL-10 suggest that these cytokines have a relevant role in T cell responses during CC progression.
