A three-year large scale study on the risk of honey bee colony exposure to blooming sunflowers grown from seeds treated with thiamethoxam and clothianidin neonicotinoids.

Despite the restriction of the use of neonicotinoids in the EU, including thiamethoxam and clothianidin, the debate over their risk on honey bees has not been fully settled. This study presents results of a three-year study working with 180 honey bee colonies in ten replicates. Colonies were sorted into three treatments (60 colonies per treatment) exposed to sunflower blooms grown from seeds treated with thiamethoxam, clothianidin and a non-treated control. Each colony was assessed at six moments: one before to exposition to sunflower, two during the exposition (short-time risk), two after exposition (medium-time risk) and one after wintering (long-time risk). The health and development of the colonies were assessed by monitoring adult bee population, brood development, status of the queen, food reserves and survival. No significant difference among treatments when raw data was considered. However, when evolution from initial status of the colony was evaluated, a significant difference was observed from the first week of exposure to sunflower blooms. In this period, the number of adult bees and the amount of brood were slightly lower in the bee hives exposed to neonicotinoids, although such differences disappeared in subsequent evaluations. The concentration of residues in samples of beebread and adult bees was at the level of ng·g-1. Magnitude of the effect of the treatment factor on the variability of colony health and development related parameters was low. The most important factor was the hive, followed by the replicate and year, and to a lesser extent the initial strength of the colonies.

Os radicais livres e o dano muscular produzido pelo exercício: papel dos antioxidantes / Free radicals and exercise-induced muscle: antioxidantes paper

O exercício físico intenso e contínuo é acompanhado pela produçäo de radicais livres, que provocam uma alteraçäo das membranas celulares, o que causa uma lesäo acompanhada por um processo inflamatório ao nível das fibras musculares. Várias causas foram sugeridas para estas alteraçöes, entre as quais o alto grau de estresse provocado pelo exercício, alteraçöes da microcirculaçäo, produçäo de metabólitos, tóxicos e depleçäo intramuscular dos substratos energéticos. O rápido desenvolvimento da lesäo das fibras musculares e do tecido conjuntivo é acompanhado por uma disfunçäo e migraçäo de componentes intracelurares para os espaços intesticial e plasmático. O dano muscular está associado com aumentos dos níveis plamáticos de creatinoquinase (CK) e de lactato desidrogenase (LDH), o que serve como indicador do aumento da permeabilidade celular resultante. A formaçäo de radicais livres e do desencadeamento do processo de peroxidaçäo também contribuem para o dano muscular. Embora o papel do exercício na produçäo de radicais livres näo esteja bem esclarecido, um grande número de autores sugerem que a elevaçäo do consumo de oxigênio durante o exercício induz a produçäo de redicais livres e outras substâncias oxidantes. Recentemente, na literatura foi demonstrado que as vitaminas A (beta-caroteno), E (Tocoferol) e C (ácido ascórbico), junto com minerais como o zinco (Zn), atuam como agentes protetores antioxidantes