ABSTRACT
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency I (LADI) is an autosomal recessive type of primary immunodeficiency characterized by occurrence of repeated bacterial infections, impaired pus formation and wound healing. Genetic variations in the ß-2 integrin subunit encoding gene ITGB2 have been implicated in causing the disorder. In the present study, we have investigated twelve patients presenting LAD1 features. After collecting clinical and family history, flow cytometry was used to determine levels of CD18 in the patients. Clinical history revealed that umbilical cord separation occurred mostly after 19 days in the patients. Recurrent skin infections were found in seven patients. Eight patients had at least one elder sibling who died due to repeated infections. All patients had marked neutrophilia with only 0.77% of neutrophils expressing CD18. Total 12 patients suffering from LAD1 were Sanger sequenced for ITGB2 gene. Five variants, including a novel p.(Cys286Phe) and four previously reported [p.(Gly273Arg), p.(Asp128Tyr), p.(Cys62*), IVS7 + 1G > A] were identified in 8 cases, while no pathogenic variant was observed in remaining four cases. This study represents the first comprehensive clinical and genetic characterization of LAD1 in Pakistani population. This will facilitate diagnosis and genetic counselling of patients with immunodeficiency disorders in Pakistani population.
Subject(s)
CD18 Antigens/genetics , Leukocyte-Adhesion Deficiency Syndrome/diagnosis , Leukocyte-Adhesion Deficiency Syndrome/genetics , Mutation , Alleles , Amino Acid Substitution , Genes, Recessive , Genetic Association Studies/methods , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Genotype , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Pakistan , Pedigree , PhenotypeABSTRACT
The object of this cross sectional study was to determine the HCV subtype 3a envelope protein binding affinity with Human Leukocyte Antigen. Envelope 1 (E1) protein is one of the structural proteins responsible for entering the cells through the receptors. The binding affinity of E1 protein epitopes to the selected Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) class I alleles was investigated using the computer-based tools. These prediction tools were also used to design the synthetic vaccine's candidate epitopes and to identify the individuals/populations who are likely to be responder to those vaccines.The mean frequency of HLA I antigens in Pakistani population was calculated. Three alleles each from HLA A and B were selected. E1 protein sequence extracted from HCV 3a isolates was retrieved and twenty-four sequences of it were selected. NetMHCcons 1.0 server was used to determine the binding affinities of HLA alleles to the epitope sequences of 10 amino acids in length.A02, A03, A11, A24, A33, B08, B13, B15, B35 and B40 were the first five antigens more prevalent in Pakistan each from HLA A and HLA B.. We did not find any binding affinity between HLA A*201, B*1501 and B*4001 and epitopes from E1 sequences in a threshold of 50 nM. Totally five various epitopes derived from different isolates were characterized.The prediction of HLA-E1 epitope specific bindings and the forthcoming response can be a useful bioinformatics tool to uncover the right synthetic peptides for vaccine design purposes.
