Seasonal Variation in Month of Diagnosis of Polish Children with Type 1 Diabetes - A Multicenter Study.

AIM: The seasonal variation of incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) theory supports the hypothesis that environmental factors play a role in the onset of the disease. The aim of this study is to assess seasonality of month of diagnosis in children with T1D in Poland. MATERIAL AND METHODS: the study group consisted of 2174 children from eastern and central Poland diagnosed with T1D between 2010 and 2014. Analysis was performed in different age groups, based on place of residence (rural/urban area) and depending on sex. RESULTS: We noted significant seasonality in the incidence of T1D with a peak in diagnosis of diabetes in January and the minimum rate in June. A total of 423 (19%) children were diagnosed in the warmest months (June to August with a mean temperature of 16.8°C) compared to 636 (29%) recognised in the coldest months (December to February with a mean temperature of -1.6°C), OR 0.57 95%CI [0.51-0.67], p<0.0001. We noted a more flat seasonal pattern in children 0-4 years of age compared with subjects 5-17 years old with a week correlation of trend comparison between both groups, r=0.69, p=0.001. Similar seasonal variation in the incidence of T1D was noted in children from urban and rural setting. For girls, seasonal pattern peaks were observed one month earlier as compared to boys. CONCLUSIONS: Seasonal variation in incidence of T1D diagnosis of Polish children supports the role of different environmental factors in diabetes onset. The majority of children were diagnosed with diabetes in autumn and winter.

Factors associated with preservation of C-peptide levels at the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes.

AIMS: The level of C-peptide can identify individuals most likely to respond to immune interventions carried out to prevent pancreatic ß-cell damage. The aim of the study was to evaluate factors associated with C-peptide levels at type 1 diabetes (T1D) diagnosis. METHODS: This study included 1098 children aged 2-17 with newly recognized T1D. Data were collected from seven Polish hospitals. The following variables were analyzed: date of birth, fasting C-peptide, HbA1c, sex, weight, height, pH at diabetes onset. RESULTS: A correlation was observed between fasting C-peptide level and BMI-SDS (p = 0.0001), age (p = 0.0001), and HbA1c (p = 0.0001). The logistic regression model revealed that fasting C-peptide ≥0.7 ng/ml at diabetes diagnosis was dependent on weight, HbA1c, pH and sex (p < 0.0001). Overweight and obese children (n = 124) had higher fasting C-peptide (p = 0.0001) and lower HbA1c (p = 0.0008) levels than other subjects. Girls had higher fasting C-peptide (p = 0.036) and higher HbA1c (p = 0.026) levels than boys. CONCLUSION: Obese and overweight children are diagnosed with diabetes at an early stage with largely preserved C-peptide levels. Increased awareness of T1D symptoms as well as improved screening and diagnostic tools are important to preserve C-peptide levels. There are noticeable gender differences in the course of diabetes already at T1D diagnosis.

Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes in Polish children: A multicentre cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes (T1D) varies greatly between populations, and the estimates and/or predictions of the rates would aid in adequate planning of health care resources. The study's aim was to assess the incidence of T1D in the paediatric population of eastern and central Poland. METHODS: In this cohort study covering the period from January 2010 to December 2014, data were collected for children and adolescents below 18 years of age with newly diagnosed T1D living in eastern and central Poland. A total of 2174 children were included in the analysis. The population estimates were from the Central Statistical Office of Poland. RESULTS: Overall, the annual incidence of T1D increased from 12.84/100,000 in 2010 to 18.46/100,000 in 2014 with the incidence rate (IR) ratio of 1.5 (an increase in the IR by 12.7% per year over 5 years). The lowest increase in the IR by 7.1% per year was seen in 15 to 17-year-olds. In the urban population (age 0-17 years), the overall incidence rate was significantly higher than in subjects from rural communities (P < .02). The incidence of T1D in rural areas was significantly higher (p = .004) in voivodeships of higher population density. Such dependence was not observed in urban areas. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of T1D in children living in eastern and central Poland increased 1.5-fold over the 5-year observation period with the highest rise in 10 to 14-year-olds and significantly higher rates in urban children compared with their peers living in rural areas.

High incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes among Polish children aged 10-12 and under 5 years of age: A multicenter study.

AIM: Despite its characteristic symptoms, type 1 diabetes (T1D) is still diagnosed late causing the development of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of DKA and factors associated with the development of acidosis at T1D recognition in Polish children aged 0-17. METHODS: The study population consisted of 2100 children with newly diagnosed T1D in the years 2010-2014 in 7 hospitals in eastern and central Poland. The population living in these areas accounts for 35% of the Polish population. DKA was defined as a capillary pH < 7.3, blood glucose > 11 mmol/L. The analyzed data included age, sex, diabetes recognition, pH, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting C-peptide, and body mass index standard deviation score (BMI-SDS). RESULTS: We observed DKA in 28.6% of children. There were 2 peaks in DKA occurrence: in children <5 years of age (33.9%) and aged 10-12 (34%). The highest incidence of DKA was noted in children aged 0-2 (48.4%). In the group with DKA, moderate and severe DKA occurred in 46.7% of children. Girls and children <2 years of age were more prone to severe DKA. The multiple logistic regression analysis showed the following factors associated with DKA: age (P = .002), fasting C-peptide (P = .0001), HbA1c (P = .0001), no family history of T1D (P = .0001), and BMI-SDS (P = .0001). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of DKA is high and remained unchanged over the last 5 years. Increasing the awareness of symptoms of DKA is recommended among children <5 years of age (especially <2 years of age) and aged 10-12. Children <2 years of age and girls were at the highest risk of severe DKA.

[Effect of growth hormone therapy in a 14-years-old boy with Crohn's disease and growth hormone deficiency]. / Efekt leczenia ludzkim rekombinowanym hormonem wzrostu 14 letniego pacjenta z choroba Lesniowskiego-Crohna i niedoczynnoscia somatotropinowa przysadki.

We present a case of a 14-year-old boy in whom, at age of nine a dramatic decrease of growth velocity was observed. At the age of 14 the growth hormone therapy was introduced after the diagnosis of partial growth hormone deficiency and Crohn's disease. During the two years period of follow up increased growth velocity and improvement in the general condition was observed. We present the case because of many controversial opinions about growth hormone treatment in Crohn's disease.

[Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma in a 14-year-old boy]. / Rak anaplastyczny tarczycy u 14 letniego chlopca.

We report a case of anaplastic cancer of thyroid in 14-year-old male. The diagnosis was supported on: pace of changes, clinical image, disease course, no effect of therapy, histopathological examination.