ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Kazakhstan has implemented comprehensive programs to reduce the incidence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. This study aims to assess seroprevalence and risk factors for HBsAg and anti-HCV positivity in three large regions of Kazakhstan. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in three regions geographically remote from each other. Participants were randomly selected using a two-stage stratified cluster sampling and were surveyed by a questionnaire based on the WHO STEP survey instrument. Blood samples were collected for HBsAg and anti-HCV testing. RESULTS: A total of 4,620 participants were enrolled. The seroprevalence was 5.5% (95%CI: 3.6%-8.4%) for HBsAg and 5.1% (95%CI: 3.5%-7.5%) for anti-HCV antibodies. Both were more prevalent in the western and northern regions than in the southern. A history of blood transfusion was significantly associated with anti-HCV presence, with odds ratios (ORs) of 2.10 (95%CI: 1.37-3.21) and was borderline associated with HBsAg 1.39 (95%CI: 0.92-2.10), respectively. Having a family member with viral hepatitis was also borderline associated (2.09 (95%CI: 0.97-4.50)) with anti-HCV positivity. CONCLUSIONS: This study found a high-intermediate level of endemicity for HBsAg and a high level of endemicity for anti-HCV antibodies in three large regions of Kazakhstan. We found that history of surgery was not associated with HbsAg neither with anti-HCV seropositivity rates. Blood transfusion was associated with anti-HCV seropositivity, however, to investigate effectiveness of the introduced comprehensive preventive measures in health care settings, there is a need to conduct further epidemiological studies.
Subject(s)
Hepacivirus/isolation & purification , Hepatitis B virus/isolation & purification , Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Hepatitis C/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Hepatitis B/blood , Hepatitis B/diagnosis , Hepatitis B/virology , Hepatitis C/blood , Hepatitis C/diagnosis , Hepatitis C/virology , Humans , Kazakhstan/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Prognosis , Risk Factors , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Young AdultABSTRACT
Phytochemical analysis of the MeOH extract of the fruiting bodies of Stropharia aeruginosa resulted in the isolation of three lanostane triterpenoids, aeruginosols A, B and C. The structures of the new compounds were determined by spectroscopic analysis. The biological activities of aeruginosols A, B and C were examined by bioassay with lettuce seedling.
Subject(s)
Basidiomycota/chemistry , Triterpenes/isolation & purification , Biological Assay , Molecular Structure , Spectrum Analysis , Triterpenes/chemistryABSTRACT
Three new lanostane triterpenoids, aeruginosic acid derivatives, were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Stropharia aeruginosa and their structures were determined on the basis of spectral data.
