Intermediate phenotype between CMT2Z and DIGFAN associated with a novel MORC2 variant: a case report.

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2Z is caused by MORC2 mutations and presents with axonal neuropathy. MORC2 mutations can also manifest as developmental delay, impaired growth, dysmorphic facies, and axonal neuropathy (DIGFAN). We report a patient exhibiting an intermediate phenotype between these diseases associated with a novel MORC2 variant. A literature review revealed that the genotype‒phenotype correlation in MORC2-related disorders is complex and that the same mutation can cause a variety of phenotypes.

Amyloid Beta Is Internalized via Macropinocytosis, an HSPG- and Lipid Raft-Dependent and Rac1-Mediated Process.

Intracellular amyloid ß peptide (Aß) accumulation has drawn attention in relation to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease in addition to its extracellular deposition as senile plaque. Cellular uptake of extracellular Aß is one of the possible mechanisms by which intracellular Aß deposits form. Given the relevance of Aß inside cells, it is important to understand the mechanism by which it is taken up by them. In this study, we elucidated that Neuro2A and SH-SY5Y cells internalize specifically oligomerized Aß in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The depletion of plasma membrane cholesterol with methyl-ß-cyclodextrin or treatment with trypsin diminished the internalization of oAß, suggesting that the oAß uptake might be both a lipid raft-dependent and heparan sulfate proteoglycan-mediated process. Treatment with a macropinocytosis inhibitor (ethylisopropyl amiloride and wortmannin) also drastically reduced the uptake of oligomer-Aß (oAß). oAß-treated cells exhibited an increase in Rac1 activity, indicating that macropinocytosis induced by oAß is regulated by these small GTPases. These findings suggest that macropinocytosis is a major endocytic route through which oAß42 enters cells.