The role of social media literacy in infodemic management: a systematic review.

Background: The term infodemic refers to the proliferation of both accurate and inaccurate information that creates a challenge in identifying trustworthy and credible sources. Among the strategies employed to mitigate the impact of the infodemic, social media literacy has emerged as a significant and effective approach. This systematic review examines the role of social media literacy in the management of the infodemic. Methods: Six databases, including SID, Magiran, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science were systematically searched using relevant keywords. We included the relevant publications between 2012 and 2023 in our analysis. To ensure a qualitative assessment of the studies, we used the STROBE and AMSTAR checklists as evaluation tools. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) guideline was used for the design of this review study. Finally, we organized the studies into groups based on similarities and retrieved and analyzed evidence pertaining to the challenges and opportunities identified. Results: Eleven papers were included in this study after reviewing the retrieved studies. Five of them examined the effect of social media literacy and health literacy on acceptance of health behaviors. Four studies investigated the role of media literacy in managing misinformation and fake news related to health. Two studies focused on infodemic management and promoting citizen engagement during health crises. Results showed that health-related infodemics are derived from the users' lack of media knowledge, distrust of government service systems, local influencers and peers, rapid circulation of information through mass media messages, weakness of solutions proposed by health care providers, failure to pay attention to the needs of the audience, vertical management, and inconsistency of published messages. Conclusion: The findings of this study highlight the importance of increasing social media literacy among the general public as a recognized strategy for managing the infodemic. Consequently, it is recommended that relevant organizations and institutions, such as the Ministry of Health, develop targeted training programs to effectively address this need.

Practical steps of intervention design for teenage students' musculoskeletal health: An intervention mapping approach.

Background: According to the studies conducted, teen pregnancy and its related health issues are among the most significant issues. The purpose of the study was to develop a musculoskeletal health intervention training programme using an intervention mapping approach (IMA) for teenagers aged 12-14 years old. Methods: The present study is a study protocol where IMA has been used as a planning framework for developing a musculoskeletal health intervention training programme. Six steps of the intervention mapping process have been completed in the study. As the first step, needs assessment has been performed through systematic review and qualitative evaluation. In the second step, a matrix of change objectives was designed. Later on, after designing the programme and planning its implementation, the programme evaluation plan was developed. Results: IMA guided us in designing and implementing a control-oriented training programme with the participation of the participants, along with the definition of outcomes, performance goals, and determinants, theoretical methods, practical applications, an intervention programme, implementation, and step-by-step assessment. Conclusion: Intervention mapping is a participation-based approach to designing and implementing promotion programmes.

Explaining barriers to childbearing using the risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) strategy: Based on action research.

Background and Aims: Reluctance to childbearing and then the reduction of the total fertility rate are common experiences of developed countries and many developing countries, including Iran, therefore, the purpose of this study was explaining barriers to childbearing using the risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) strategy. Methods: The study was conducted by action research and according to RCCE during 9 months in Ardabil city. The statistical population consisted of 41 married women aged 15-54 who were eligible for childbearing, these women were purposefully selected from among the people covered by Ardabil health centers and interviewed. Data were collected using open and in-depth interviews by the researcher and analyzed by content analysis. Results: The results of data analysis led to the extraction of three main categories, personal, familial, and social barriers. The "personal barriers" category was classified into three subcategories, namely mental, belief, and awareness barriers, the "familial barriers" category was classified into two subcategories, namely social and financial barriers, and the "social barriers" category was classified into two subcategories, political and managerial barriers. Conclusions: According to the results, a set of personal, familial, and social factors could affect childbearing among married women. Identification of these factors can play an effective role in designing educational and managerial programs.

Investigation of the influencing factors with the uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine booster dose among the general population of Ardabil, Iran: A cross-sectional study.

Background and Aims: Vaccination is one of the most efficient approaches to combating COVID-19 if it is adequately embraced by the general population. Numerous factors influence the uptake or refusal of the booster dose. The goal of this study was to look at the different factors that affect how the general population in Ardabil feels about getting vaccine boosters (annual boosters) for COVID-19 and to evaluate those feelings. Methods and Materials: In the city of Ardabil, general population, perceptions towards the COVID-19 vaccine booster (annual boosters) dose were evaluated using a cross-sectional survey design between January 2 and March 25, 2022. A questionnaire was developed and filled out by 662 subjects via phone calls from healthcare providers. Descriptive statistics, the Chi-square test, the correlation coefficient, and regression analysis were run for the analysis of quantitative data. Results: The findings of the research revealed that 238 participants, or 35.9%, had previously gotten the booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccination, while 198 participants, or 29.2%, expressed a desire to do so as soon as feasible. A total of 187 (28.2%) respondents reported not wanting to get a booster dose, and 39 (5.7%) could not decide. In the factors found to affect decisions not to accept regular doses, adverse effects (45.4%) and the presence of misinformation (30%) were the most important. Regression in educational achievement, and following the COVID-19 news showed to be the major predictors of the subjects' attitudes toward the regular COVID-19 vaccine. Conclusion: The present findings revealed that low confidence in the efficiency of the booster shot and misinformation are two critical factors to consider in educational planning and interventions.

Investigating the predictors of perceived social support to control COVID-19: A qualitative study.

Background: Considering the adverse effects of COVID-19 pandemic, the present study aimed to explore the barriers and facilitators of perceived social support to prevent the further spread of the disease. Methods: In the present qualitative study, a content analysis was done. To this aim, 37 Iranian subjects who had active accounts on Instagram were initially invited to participate in the study. The data were collected through face-to-face (n = 25) and telephone conversations (n = 12). A purposive sampling was used and the data collection continued until data saturation. Finally, 41 interviews were held which took 17-48 min. Results: The data analysis led to the extraction of two main categories, the barriers and facilitators of perceived social support, as well as 12 subcategories. Economic issues, familial factors, socio-cultural factors, personal and psychological factors, ineffective quarantine rules, and poor management were the main barriers to perceived social support. The facilitators were divided into six categories, including familial influences, personal factors, government support, and improved occupational, social, spiritual, and emotional condition. Conclusion: The findings showed that a combination of environmental and social variables might influence the COVID-19 disease, either decreasing or increasing its spread. A sound knowledge of these variables, influenced by the social context and real-life experiences during the pandemic, allows to take the right measures and enrich training programs. The prevalence of the disease can be controlled by increasing environmental and social facilitators and decreasing the influence of barriers.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward the COVID-19 infection among adults Iran: A cross-sectional study.

Background: Coronavirus illness (COVID-19) has spread globally and is affecting everyone severely. The evaluation of educational needs (knowledge, attitudes, and practices) is important in controlling COVID-19 situations. The goal of this study is to find out what adults in Ardabil City know, how they feel, and what they do about the COVID-19 infection. Methods: In November 2021, a cross-sectional descriptive-correlational survey of 384 people was conducted using stratified-cluster sampling in Ardabil. The researchers created a self-reported questionnaire with 23 items as the data collection technique. The quantitative data were evaluated using descriptive statistics, the chi-square test, the correlation coefficient, and regression analysis. Results: The correct answer rate for this research found that 73.17% of participants (n = 281) had appropriate knowledge, 61.19% (n = 235) had favorable attitudes, and 69.53% (n = 267) had enough practice behavior. However, knowledge was related to gender, employment, and location of residence. Age, marital status, education level, and location of residence were all connected with attitude. Age, gender, and marital status were all related to the behavior. The findings of linear regression analysis revealed that knowledge and attitude influence behavior. Conclusion: The study findings revealed a high degree of understanding of COVID-19, a positive attitude, and a strong commitment to good practices. Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors were influenced to varying degrees by age, marital status, education level, employment, and location of residence. Furthermore, knowledge and attitudes influenced behaviors.

Exploring the Barriers in Maintaining the Health Guidelines Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study Approach.

Due to the Irretrievable impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on society, this study aimed to analyze the barriers and reasons for the Iranian people's implementation of public health measures during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021. The study explores the barriers and reasons for non-compliance by Iranian people in following and maintaining the health guidelines to combat the spread of the coronavirus in 2021. This research is qualitative and recorded participants' feedback from the Ardabil province of Iran. The study used a purposeful sampling method and lasted from April to May 2021 to collect the data through semi-structured interviews with 45 participants based on their gender, education, employment status, and marital status. The researchers analyzed the qualitative content until the required data-target through interviews implementation. This study incorporated MAXQDA version 10 to analyze the data and followed Goba and Lincoln's criteria to ensure quality research results. After analyzing the data, two main categories (internal and external barriers) and seven subcategories were obtained. The internal barriers exhibited further classified subcategories, such as mental, belief, and awareness barriers. The results indicated that external barriers included social, political, managerial, and economic barriers. The study results designated that a set of internal and external factors might cause individuals' non-compliance with health guidelines and standard SOPs in the advent of the pandemic COVID-19. Recognition of such factors, identified following the social, cultural, and political context and individuals' characteristics during the COVID-19 outbreak, can be used effectively to plan educational and management programs. As a result, elimination and eradication of obstacles and the relevant dimensions may facilitate disease control. Moreover, the high prevalence and spread of the disease can be managed by reducing the influence of factors preventing proper health behaviors.

Effects of School-Based Educational Program on Backpack Carrying Behavior in Teenage Students.

One of the most serious issues is the growing prevalence of backaches among adolescent students as a result of carrying backpacks. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of an education program (remedial information) on the school backpack carrying habits of adolescent students. The study sample consisted of 138 adolescent students aged 12 to 16 from 4 schools who were randomly assigned to either the experimental (N = 69) or control (N = 69) groups. The experimental group was subjected to a 6-week education program consisting of 6 sessions, whereas the control group received no educational intervention. During the pre-test and 3 months after the intervention, participants completed a questionnaire. The results (healthy items) were as follows: (1) carry as little as possible, (2) carry a school backpack on both shoulders, and (3) use lockers or something similar. After a 3-month follow-up, healthy items in the experimental group improved, but no significant changes were observed in the control group. When compared to the baseline, the experimental group's healthy backpack usage habits improved significantly at the post-test (P = .001). The current study's findings show that school-based education interventions on backpack behaviors improve the school-bag carrying habits of adolescent students.

Assessing puberty-related health needs among 10-15-year-old boys: A cross-sectional study approach.

This study investigated the puberty-related health needs of 10-5-year-old boys in Iran. The literature shows that the growing health problems of adolescents are an important health issue worldwide. The present study was a cross-sectional descriptive survey that applied a stratified-cluster sampling technique to collect data from boys aged 10-15 years in order to assess puberty-related health problems. The survey used a self-reported questionnaire comprising 10 demographic questions with 35 research questions based on five categories: awareness of puberty changes, mood swings, sexual orientation, self-confidence, and health behaviors. Five questions examined education demands. The study used descriptive statistics, chi-square test, regression, and correlation coefficient for quantitative data analysis. The mean age of the adolescents was 11.38 ± ± 4.37 years. There was a significant link between the maternal and paternal educational level and awareness of puberty changes among adolescent boys (p < 0.001). Overall, 69.81% of teenage boys lacked puberty awareness and had not understood puberty and health behaviors, and 87% of the teenage boys had no access to desired educational resources. At the same time, 82% of the boys' families did not disclose puberty changes and hygiene practices. The results indicated a significant positive correlation between adolescents' health behaviors and awareness of puberty changes (r = 0.12 p < 0.007). The results also revealed a positive relationship between self-confidence and health behaviors (r = 0.14, p < 0.001). There is a need among adolescent boys to receive health-related information about puberty. Teenage boys' families play an indispensable role in educating adolescents about puberty and health-related changes.

Effectiveness of telephone-based screening and triage during COVID-19 outbreak in the promoted primary healthcare system: a case study in Ardabil province, Iran.

Aims: Screening services for early detection of patients is one of the important capabilities of the health system with a proper referral system. In the crisis of respiratory infection of Covid-19, screening based on symptoms is one of the key measures. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the telephone-based screening and triage services in the promoted primary healthcare system with regard to the Covid-19 outbreak, in terms of reducing unnecessary referrals to the hospital. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in two stages on 1,406,635 households during March/April 2020 in Ardabil province for screening and early detection of Covid-19 disease. In the first stage, conducted by trained healthcare providers through telephone, individuals suspected of Covid-19 were identified. In the second stage, the individuals were referred to the second level of service in comprehensive healthcare centers (16- or 24-h centers) for clinical evaluation by a physician. Results: The results showed that before establishing a screening and triage system for patients in comprehensive healthcare centers, all patients were referred directly to the hospital, while after the implementation of the program, a significant reduction in hospital visits was observed and a large number of patients undertook the care and triage services in comprehensive healthcare centers. Conclusion: The use of a grading system in referring patients with suspected cases, triage of patients according to symptoms at the comprehensive health centers, and activation of home isolation were the most important factors in reducing the burden of unnecessary referrals of patients to the hospital.

Evaluation of quality of life in diabetic pregnant women.

AIMS: Gestational diabetes is the most common clinical complication during pregnancy. Women with gestational diabetes face many problems in their personal, family and social lives that affect their quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of life of diabetic pregnant women. METHODS: This study was a descriptive study and the study population was all diabetic pregnant women referred to health centers in Kermanshah, Iran in 2019-2020. The studied variables were collected using a short form of quality of life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF-26 items). Then, with the help of SPSS software version 25, data analysis was performed based on frequency table and independent t-test. RESULTS: 101 pregnant women with gestational diabetes were studied. Their mean age was 33.06 ± 05.05 years. The quality of life of all mothers participating in the study was above average. The average quality of life and psychological domains, social and environmental relationships of mothers were higher in people with higher incomes and employment, and also the average quality of life and psychological domains, social and environmental relationships were higher in mothers who had less than 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of mothers were overweight (BMI = 25-29.9) and obese (BMI ≥ 30), which is one of the most important risk factors for gestational diabetes. Given the importance of quality of life of pregnant mothers, health policy makers are asked to provide more training for pregnant mothers on nutrition and increased physical activity to prevent gestational diabetes and improve their quality of life.

Backpack improper use causes musculoskeletal injuries in adolescents: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: This research is one of the very few studies, which seeks a focalized examination to observe the effects of the backpack on the teenager students. Adolescents prefer rucksacks as one of their favorite school bags during their school studies. This study inspects how knapsacks gradually bring changes as injuries in the bodies of school-going adolescents. There are ample studies in the past literature, which evidence the injuries of backpack among adolescents, such as backache, neck pain, and shoulder pain. The principal objective of this study is to determine the effects of backpacks on musculoskeletal injuries among school-going adolescents based on previous studies support in this research field. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This review study selected observational studies from the past literature indexed in the databases of Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and CINAHL during 1999-2020. This review focused on the keywords of "Backpack," "Musculoskeletal Injuries," and "Adolescent" from MESH and selected 14 out of 210 articles based on the research objective. According to the Crombie Checklist, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and investigating the quality of the report, this review focused on literature evidence to the field under investigation. RESULTS: Based on the chosen 14 articles, the findings of the present review indicated two outcomes by considering the impact of the backpack on musculoskeletal injuries and pains among adolescents. The results of the review studies specified that there was a statistically significant positive relationship between the prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries and pain using a backpack among most of the male and female adolescents. The findings also stipulate that injuries and pain intensity among female adolescents were higher than the male students. CONCLUSION: The results of this review study specified that improper use of the backpack, which exceeded the standard weight, caused chorionic pain and injuries between both genders of adolescents. The generalizability of the results is suitable for this review study.

Teaching adults how to prevent COVID-19 infection by health workers: The application of intervention mapping approach.

INTRODUCTION: Education is one of the most important approaches to preventing infectious diseases at the time of the pandemic. The purpose of the study was to develop an intervention-training program using an intervention mapping approach (IMA) to prevent COVID-19 infection in adults at the time of the pandemic by health workers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was a study protocol where IMA was used as a planning framework for developing an intervention-training program to prevent COVID-19 infection in adults at the time of the pandemic by health workers in Ardabil city. Six intervention mapping (IM) steps have been described in this protocol. As the first step, needs assessment was performed by reviewing the studies, qualitative evaluation, and interviews. In the second step, the matrix of change objectives was designed from the intersection of performance goals and determinants. Later on, after designing the program and planning the program implementation, the program evaluation plan was developed. RESULTS: IMA guided us in designing and implementing a control-oriented training program with the participation of the participants along with the definition of outcomes, performance goals and determinants, theoretical methods and practical applications, intervention program, implementation, and step by step assessment. CONCLUSION: IM is a control-oriented, systematic, participation-based approach to design and implement targeted and on-going health promotion programs based on the needs of the target group at the time of the pandemic by health workers.

Study of Adolescents' Puberty, Adolescence Training Program: The Application of Intervention Mapping Approach.

BACKGROUND: Adolescence is a significant period of life which is crucial for life long health. The purpose of the study was to develop a puberty intervention-training program using an intervention mapping approach (IMA). METHODS: The present study was a study protocol where IMA was used as a planning framework for developing a puberty intervention-training program (PITP). Six intervention mapping steps have been described in this protocol. As the first step, needs assessment was performed by reviewing the studies, qualitative evaluation, and interviews. In the second step, the matrix of change objectives was designed from the intersection of performance goals and determinants. Later on, after designing the program and planning the program implementation, the program evaluation plan was developed. RESULTS: IMA guided us in designing and implementing a control-oriented training program with the participation of the participants along with the definition of outcomes, performance goals and determinants, theoretical methods and practical applications, intervention program, implementation and step by step assessment. CONCLUSION: Intervention mapping is a control-oriented, systematic, participation-based approach to design and implement targeted and on-going health promotion programs.

Nurses' Work-Related Quality of Life and Its Influencing Demographic Factors at a Public Hospital in Western Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: The quality of life as a concept beyond physical health stands one of the protuberant indexes, and various health-based studies required distinct measurements, which deemed necessary for their significant implications. The nurses fight at the front and play a leading role in providing services to patients at healthcare centers. They deserve a higher quality of life in catering to physical health services. This present study focuses on examining nurses' work-life quality standards and how demographic variables contribute to the hospital of Imam Reza in Kermanshah of Western Iran. METHODS: This descriptive-analytical study recruited a sample of 271 nurses affiliated with Imam Reza Hospital and Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences by incorporating the stratified random sampling in 2019. This study used a two-part questionnaire to collect data from the targeted respondents. The first part presented the participants' demographic profiles, and the second part showed the nurses' work-related quality of life (WRQoL) on the scale developed by Van Laar et al. The study screened the data and performed analyses through the SPSS version-23. The research study conducted a descriptive analysis to measure mean and standard deviation with inferential statistics, including independent samples t-test and one-way ANOVA (P < 0.05). RESULTS: The study findings specified that nurses' average quality of the work-life was at a moderate level 3.11 ± 0.47. Besides, results indicated that 57.50% of the nurses reported high standards of quality of work-life, 36.50% showed a modest and 5.20% revealed a lower level of work-life quality. The findings indicated that the quality of work-life significantly correlated with respondent'' age, marital status, education, work experience, position, department, shifts, and employment status (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The findings of this research demonstrated that the nurses' quality of work-life was higher than the average standard. The results provide useful insight for nurses and hospital managers. The policymakers and health managers need to pay more attention to providing a better quality of work-life to the nurses.

A study of internet addiction and its effects on mental health: A study based on Iranian University Students.

INTRODUCTION: The Internet has drastically affected human behavior, and it has positive and negative effects; however, its excessive usage exposes users to internet addiction. The diagnosis of students' mental dysfunction is vital to monitor their academic progress and success by preventing this technology through proper handling of the usage addiction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This descriptive-analytical study selected 447 students (232 females and 215 males) of the first and second semesters enrolled at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2018 by using Cochrane's sample size formula and stratified random sampling. The study applied Young's Internet Addiction Test and Goldberg General Health Questionnaire 28 for data collection. The study screened the data received and analyzed valid data set through the t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient by incorporating SPSS Statistics software version 23.0. RESULTS: The results of the current study specified that the total mean score of the students for internet addiction and mental health was 3.81 ± 0.88 and 2.56 ± 0.33, correspondingly. The results revealed that internet addiction positively correlated with depression and mental health, which indicated a negative relationship (P > 0.001). The multiple regression analysis results showed students' five significant vulnerability predictors toward internet addiction, such as the critical reason for using the Internet, faculty, depression, the central place for using the Internet, and somatic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings specified that students' excessive internet usage leads to anxiety, depression, and adverse mental health, which affect their academic performance. Monitoring and controlling students' internet addiction through informative sessions on how to use the Internet adequately is useful.

Educational needs assessment among 10-14-year-old girls about puberty adolescent health of Ardebil.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the educational needs of 10-14-year-old girls about adolescent puberty health in Ardabil City in Iran, the matter of adolescent puberty health is one of the most important health priorities, especially for girls. METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive-correlational study was performed on girl students through stratified-cluster sampling in Ardabil city. The data gathering tool was a self-reported researcher-designed questionnaire consisting of 10 demographic questions and 35 self-care questions in 5 domains of self-care awareness, self-efficacy, enablers, enhancers and behaviors, based on the reviewed articles and resources. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test, correlation coefficient and regression were used to analyze the quantitative data. RESULTS: The mean age of the girls was 12.98 ± 4.67. There was a significant relationship between the mother's level of education (p < 0.001) and students 'knowledge about puberty and between mother's age (p < 0.002) and students' awareness of self-care behaviors during adolescence. The results of this study showed that 73.8% of girls were aware of puberty and menstruation problems. About 74.3% of girls had poor self-efficacy. About 77% of female students in the study did not have access to the required educational resources and classes that are one of the most important enablers of behavior formation. Eighty-eight percent of the families did not talk about the hygiene practices related to their children. The most common source of information about maternal health related practices was from mothers (64.8%). Correlation test between adolescents' health behavior and awareness (r = 0.12 p < 0.007) and between self-efficacy and health behaviors (r = 0.14, p < 0.001) revealed significant and positive relationships. CONCLUSION: There is a need among adolescent girls for information about adolescent health and related health behaviors. Currently there is lack of adequate and accurate information. The role of mothers is the most important source of information for adolescent girls and educational approaches for mothers and adolescents should be designed.

Correlation between general health and sexual function in older women in an Iranian setting.

INTRODUCTION: The world's population is aging and this trend continues. Older adults are living healthier and longer than in the last decades and their sexual function should also be considered along with their general health. This study aimed to examine the correlation between general health and sexual function in elderly women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional correlation study, 1245 women over 60 years old were selected in Ardabil health-care centers by a convenient sampling method. Demographic data of all participants were noted and general health and sexual function were evaluated by the Goldberg General Health Questionnaire and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) Questionnaire. RESULTS: The participants' mean ± standard deviation age was 75.1 ± 7.2 years, most of the women (40.08%) were illiterate, and the majority of them were living with their married (44.81%) or single children (27.14%). The general health score for 380 older women (30.52%) was under 22 (healthy). About 60% of the women had engaged in sexual activity during the past 4 weeks, and the total mean score of FSFI was 17.36 ± 1.44. In addition, 84.33% of the women had sexual dysfunction (FSFI < 26.55). The age (P < 0.05), educational level (P < 0.001), living with children (P < 0.01), and general health status (P < 0.01) were found to be significantly related to sexual function. The total scores for FSFI and the scores for all domains except for satisfaction were in positive correlation with the score for the total and all domains of general health (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Sexual function in elderly women is affected by several factors, such as general health. Therefore, to promote successful aging in women, sexual function and general health require more attention when implementing women's health initiatives.

The effectiveness of self-management program for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus based on PRECEDE-PROCEDE model.

AIMS: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide that requires a person with diabetes to make a multitude of daily self-management decisions. This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of a self-management program based on PRECEDE-PROCEDE model on self-management behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: This experimental study was conducted on 86 diabetic patients referred to the diabetes clinics in Ardabil, Iran, in 2017. From a total of 326 patients with diabetes medical records in those clinics, 86 (26.3%) patients agreed to participate in this study. They were then randomly divided into two groups; intervention (n = 43) and control (n = 43). The intervention group received eight sessions of PRECEDE model-based self-management education program while the control group did not receive any education program. Both groups were assessed at baseline and six months after the intervention. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 55.69 ±â€¯12.04 years (range 32-86 years). 41 patients were men, and 45 were women. The mean time since the first diagnosis of diabetes was 8.6 years (SD = 5.2), and the mean BMI of the patients was 31.63 (SD = 4.20). At baseline, 35.01% of patients had poor self-management behaviors. All PRECEDE variables, including predisposing factors (knowledge, attitude, and self-efficacy), enabling factors, and reinforcing factors, as well as self-management behaviors, were significantly improved in those of intervention group after the education program. CONCLUSION: Self-management education program substantially enhances the self-management behaviors in patients with type two diabetes.

Effect of educational intervention based on PRECEDE-PROCEED model combined with self-management theory on self-care behaviors in type 2 diabetic patients.

AIMS: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic and progressive disease which requires ongoing medical care as well as patient's self-care skills to prevent acute complications. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model combined with self-management theory on self-care behaviors in type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: In this semi-experimental study, 86 type 2 diabetic patients referred to the diabetes clinic of Ardabil were randomly selected and divided into two groups (n = 43). Patients in group 1 received educations based on PRECEDE-PROCEED model combined with self-management theory while patients in group 2 received only educations based on PRECEDE-PROCEED model. The self-made questionnaire was used to measure demographic information and PRECEDE-PROCEED model variables at baseline and one month after the intervention. RESULTS: The mean scores of knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy (p = 0.001), self-care (p = 0.001), enabling factors, and reinforcing factors had significant differences in both groups before and after the intervention (p < 0.05). In addition, one month after the intervention, the mean scores of attitude, self-efficacy, self-care, and reinforcing factors were significantly higher in group 1 compared to group 2. CONCLUSION: The results indicate the effectiveness of an educational intervention based on PRECEDE-PROCEED model combined with self-management theory to improve self-care behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes.