ABSTRACT
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality resulting from infectious disease, with over 10.6 million new cases and 1.4 million deaths in 2021. This global emergency is exacerbated by the emergence of multidrug-resistant MDR-TB and extensively drug-resistant XDR-TB; therefore, new drugs and new drug targets are urgently required. From a whole cell phenotypic screen, a series of azetidines derivatives termed BGAz, which elicit potent bactericidal activity with MIC99 values <10 µM against drug-sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis and MDR-TB, were identified. These compounds demonstrate no detectable drug resistance. The mode of action and target deconvolution studies suggest that these compounds inhibit mycobacterial growth by interfering with cell envelope biogenesis, specifically late-stage mycolic acid biosynthesis. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrates that the BGAz compounds tested display a mode of action distinct from the existing mycobacterial cell wall inhibitors. In addition, the compounds tested exhibit toxicological and PK/PD profiles that pave the way for their development as antitubercular chemotherapies.
Subject(s)
Azetidines , Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant , Humans , Azetidines/pharmacology , Azetidines/therapeutic use , Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy , Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Microbial Sensitivity TestsABSTRACT
A library of substituted indolo[2,3-c]quinolone-6-ones was developed as simplified Lamellarin isosters. Synthesis was achieved from indole after a four-step pathway sequence involving iodination, a Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction, and a reduction/lactamization sequence. The inhibitory activity of the 22 novel derivatives was assessed on Haspin kinase. Two of them possessed an IC50 of 1 and 2 nM with selectivity towards a panel of 10 other kinases including the parent kinases DYRK1A and CLK1. The most selective compound exerted additionally a very interesting cell effect on the osteosarcoma U-2 OS cell line.
Subject(s)
Bone Neoplasms , Quinolones , Humans , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/metabolism , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases , Quinolones/pharmacology , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
A piperazine amide linker for cyclative cleavage from solid support and its use in the traceless solid-phase synthesis of dihydroquinoxalinones are described. Piperazine was attached to Wang resin via a carbamate linkage and acylated with Fmoc-amino acids. Following Fmoc group removal, resin-bound amines were reacted with 1-fluoro-2-nitrobenzenes. The nitro group of the resulting 2-nitroanilines was reduced, and acyclic precursors, in contrast to traditional ester-type linkage, remained attached to the resin. Target dihydroquinoxalinones were obtained either by acid- or microwave-mediated cyclative cleavage. The synthesis provided crude compounds of high purity and enabled the preparation of stable immobilized linear intermediates. The linker is suitable for combinatorial synthesis of compound libraries.
Subject(s)
Amides/chemistry , Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques/methods , Piperazines/chemistry , Quinoxalines/chemical synthesis , Acylation , Amino Acids/chemistry , Fluorenes/chemistry , Piperazine , Quinoxalines/chemistry , Resins, Synthetic/chemistry , Solid-Phase Synthesis Techniques/methodsABSTRACT
A library of substituted chromeno[3,4-b]indoles was developed as Lamellarin isosters. Synthesis was achieved from indoles after a four-step pathway sequence involving C-3 iodination, a Suzuki cross-coupling reaction, and a one pot deprotection/lactonisation step. Twenty final compounds were tested in order to determine their activity against topoisomerase I and kinases, the two major biological activities of Lamellarins. One newly synthesized derivative exhibited a strong topoisomerase activity comparable to reference compounds such as campthotecin and Lamellarin with only a weak kinase inhibition. Two other lead compounds were identified as new nanomolar DYRK1A inhibitors and several other drugs affected the kinases in the sub-micromolar range. These results will enable us to use the chromeno[3,4-b]indole as a pharmacophore to develop potent treatments for neurological or oncological disorders in which DYRK1A is fully involved.
Subject(s)
Coumarins/chemistry , Coumarins/pharmacology , Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings/chemistry , Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings/pharmacology , Indoles/chemistry , Indoles/pharmacology , Isoquinolines/chemistry , Isoquinolines/pharmacology , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Coumarins/chemical synthesis , DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/metabolism , Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings/chemical synthesis , Humans , Indoles/chemical synthesis , Isoquinolines/chemical synthesis , Models, Molecular , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Topoisomerase I Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Topoisomerase I Inhibitors/chemistry , Topoisomerase I Inhibitors/pharmacology , Dyrk KinasesABSTRACT
New 1,5-dihydro-4-(substituted phenyl)-3H-furo[3,4-b]carbazol-3-ones were synthesised via a key step Diels-Alder reaction under microwave irradiation. 3-Formylindole was successfully used in a 6-step synthesis to obtain those complex heterocycles. The Diels-Alder reaction generating the carbazole ring was optimised under thermal conditions or microwave irradiation. After cleavage of functional groups, DNA binding, topoisomerase inhibition and cytotoxic properties of the new-formed furocarbazoles were investigated. These carbazoles do not present a strong interaction with the DNA, and do not modify the relaxation of the DNA in the presence of topoisomerase I or II except for one promising compound. This compound is a potent topoisomerase II inhibitor, and its cellular activity is not moderated compared to etoposide. The synthesis of these molecules allowed the generalisation of the method using indole and 5-OBn indole and several benzaldehydes. The synthesis of these molecules produced chemical structures endowed with promising cytotoxic and topoisomerase II inhibition activities.
