ABSTRACT
PIP: "The demographic trend of decreasing numbers of children and the rising share of elderly prevailing in most industrialized countries is considered a problem by a large part of the Austrian population. Marriage and family continue to be of central importance.... These are results of the Austrian Population Policy Acceptance Survey (PPA) carried out in 1993. On the average, Austrians born between 1953 and 1972 want 1.99 children, which is clearly above the present (1995) total fertility rate of 1.40....[They] expect the government to assume the main responsibility for family and social matters. 40 percent of the Austrians consider the government fully responsible for helping women to manage child raising and jobs. Only one third of the population are fully content with family [policies], and some 40 percent consider social benefits for families not sufficiently generous.... The effects family [policy] measures have on the desire to have children and its realization, however, [are] disputed." (EXCERPT)^ieng
Subject(s)
Data Collection , Family Characteristics , Family Planning Policy , Patient Acceptance of Health Care , Public Policy , Austria , Developed Countries , Europe , Organization and Administration , Program Evaluation , Research , Sampling StudiesABSTRACT
"In Austria, as in most other European countries, after the sharp decline of the mid-60s fertility has stabilized well under replacement level. In the course of the changing structure of family formation and the pluralization of life-styles, the relationship between fertility and nuptiality has turned into a mutual one. Nuptiality is not always the determinant of fertility; it may also be the dependent variable.... Empirical evidence for the last few years suggests that fertility in Austria--and in most other European countries--will stay at a modest level for the coming decades." (SUMMARY IN ENG)
Subject(s)
Fertility , Forecasting , Marriage , Austria , Demography , Developed Countries , Europe , Population , Population Dynamics , Research , Statistics as TopicABSTRACT
PIP: In the Philippines the number of children per woman is envisioned to be 2 by the year 2000 to reach simple replacement level. The crude birth rate had dropped from 43.6% in 1960 to 32.3% during 1980-85 corresponding to 4.2 children/woman. However, the corresponding rates for Thailand and Malaysia were 28% and 32.1%, respectively. The total fertility rate (TFR) was still a high 4.7% in 1988. In 1980 TFR was 3 in Manila, but 3/4 of the provinces still had TFR of 5-6.8 in 1985. Yet the World Fertility Survey of 1970 indicated that the total married fertility rate had decreased from 9.6 in 1970 to 9.1 in 1977. Married women had an average of 4.5 children in 1968 and still 4 children in 1983. Only 1/2 of married women aged 15-45 used contraception. In 1983, only 26.2% of all fertile married women used effective contraception. 63% of Moslim women, 70% of Catholics and Protestants, and 83% of members of the Church of Christ advocate modern contraceptives. From 1967 the National Population Outreach Program of the state sent out family planning advisers to unserviced areas. In 1983 only 37% of married women knew about such a service within their locality, and in 1988 a World Bank investigation showed that 67% could not afford contraceptives. The education, employment, income, urbanization of the household as well as medical care of women and children strongly influenced reproduction. The lifting of living standards and improvement of the condition of women is a central tenet of Philippine family planning policy. A multiple regression analysis of the World Fertility Survey proved that professional women tended to have smaller family size, however, most women worked out of economic necessity not because of avocation. The higher the urban family income, the lower marital fertility; but the reverse is true in rural areas where traditionally large families have had more income, and children have provided future material security. In 1983 1/3 of women with children over 18 received regular financial remittances from them. Thus, appropriate family planning program evaluation has to be concerned with the relationships of fertility and rural areas, the economic development of the community, and the physical access to a family planning clinic.^ieng
