Women in Nutrition Science: A Biographical Review.

PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW: The field of nutrition is in debt to a cadre of women who led the field through its formative years. This review highlights the contributions of these women that are gleaned through analysis of biographical articles published in The Journal of Nutrition. RECENT FINDINGS: Forces emerged during the development of nutrition science, such as departments of home economics and the majority-female field of dietetics, that suggest women might be well represented in biographical articles in the field of nutrition. However, just 29 women have been the subject of biographical articles in The Journal of Nutrition representing 14.3% of the 202 biographical articles published to date - a percentage lower than scientific journals overall. This review explores these biographies to identify factors that facilitated and hindered careers and to highlight the manifold scientific contributions of women in nutrition science. This review looks toward the past to provide perspective and inspiration for those working in the field of nutrition today.

When Should the Appropriateness of PEG be Questioned?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review aims to analyze the evidence regarding the appropriateness of PEG placement in the following clinical situations: short bowel syndrome, head and neck cancer, dementia and palliative use in malignant bowel obstruction. RECENT FINDINGS: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes are placed for a variety of clinical indications by numerous different specialties. First described in 1980, PEG tubes are now the dominant method of enteral access. Typically, PEG tubes are technically feasible procedures that can come with significant risk for both minor and major complications. Therefore, it is important to perform an in-depth, patient specific risk-benefit analysis when considering insertion. By analyzing the current evidence regarding benefits in these situations, superimposed by the lens of biomedical ethics, we make recommendations that are accessible to any provider who may be a consultant or proceduralist, helping to provide informed care that is in the patient's best interest.

What Is the Effect of Organ Donation Authorization Rates When Utilizing a Standardized Effective Request Process?

To determine if implementation of a standardized effective request process (ERP) can increase organ donation authorization rates. DESIGN: A retrospective, observational study was performed using data acquired from the Midwest Transplant Network. chi-square test was used to analyze categorical data, with p value of less than 0.05 deemed significant. SETTING: The Midwest Transplant Network located in Westwood, KS from January 1, 2013 to June 30, 2017. PATIENTS: A total of 1,391 consecutive patients were identified as potential donors based on medical evaluation of the patient's neurologic status, organ function, and established age criteria. INTERVENTIONS: An ERP was used when discussing donation with 733 patients (53%), compared with no ERP usage with 658 patients (47%). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A significant increase (30%) in donation rates was observed when an ERP was used. A comparative decrease in donation rates was observed whenever a breakdown in any of the four identified steps occurred. LIMITATIONS: The data analyzed was gathered retrospectively. Due to the retrospective nature of our study, there is no way to determine delay in authorization times versus no delay. Although most population data information about the authorized donors was known, this information was limited in patients who declined. CONCLUSIONS: With proper preparation and planning, the implementation of a standardized ERP may improve organ donation rates and increase the number of life-saving organs for transplant.

Food Access, Food Insecurity, and Gun Violence: Examining a Complex Relationship.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Food insecurity and gun violence are timely and relevant public health issues impacting many regions within the USA with a potential association. Terminology surrounding food access and food security can be confusing, which is important to understand when examining the relationship between these issues and gun violence. RECENT FINDINGS: Food insecurity is an individual level risk factor that appears to correlate with an increased rate of exposure and future involvement in violence. Food deserts represent geographic regions with limited access to food but do not necessarily represent regions with high prevalence of food insecurity. Although both food insecurity and food deserts in urban regions have been linked with increased incidence of gun violence, a high prevalence of food insecurity was found to be more predictive. A high prevalence of food insecurity in urban regions likely serves as a marker for socioeconomic disadvantage and intentional disinvestment. These regions are predictably associated with a higher incidence of interpersonal gun violence. Food deserts in rural areas have not, to date, been shown to correlate with interpersonal gun violence. Urban food insecurity and gun violence are both likely the byproduct of structural violence. Despite the significant overlap and similar contributors, the application of the public health framework in addressing these two issues has historically been quite different.

A 360° Rotational Positioning Protocol of Organ Donors May Increase Lungs Available for Transplantation.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the improvement in lung donation and immediate lung function after the implementation of a 360° rotational positioning protocol within an organ procurement organization in the Midwest. DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. SETTING: The Midwest Transplant Network from 2005 to 2017. Rotational positioning of donors began in 2008. SUBJECTS: Potential deceased lung donors. INTERVENTIONS: A 360° rotational protocol. Presence of immediate lung function in recipients, change in PaO2:FIO2 ratio during donor management, initial and final PaO2:FIO2 ratio, and proportion of lungs donated were measured. Outcomes were compared between rotated and nonrotated donors. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 693 donors were analyzed. The proportion of lung donations increased by 10%. The difference between initial PaO2:FIO2 ratio and final PaO2:FIO2 ratio was significantly different between rotated and nonrotated donors (36 ± 116 vs 104 ± 148; p < 0.001). Lungs transplanted from rotated donors had better immediate function than those from nonrotated donors (99.5% vs 68%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There was a statistically significant increase in lung donations after implementing rotational positioning of deceased donors. Rotational positioning significantly increased the average difference in PaO2:FIO2 ratios. There was also superior lung function in the rotated group. The authors recommend that organ procurement organizations consider adopting a rotational positioning protocol for donors to increase the lungs available for transplantation.

Physician nutrition education.

Nutrition education for physicians in the United States is limited in scope, quality, and duration due to a variety of factors. As new data and quality improvement initiatives highlight the importance of nutrition and a generation of nutrition experts retire, there is a need for new physician educators and leaders in clinical nutrition. Traditional nutrition fellowships and increased didactic lecture time in school and postgraduate training are not feasible strategies to develop the next generation of physician nutrition specialists in the current environment. One strategy is the development of short immersion courses for advanced trainees and junior attendings. The most promising courses include a combination of close mentorship and adult learning techniques such as lectures, clinical experiences, literature review, curricular development, research and writing, multidisciplinary interactions, and extensive group discussion. These courses also allow the opportunity for advanced discourse, development of long-term collaborative relationships, and continued longitudinal career development for alumni after the course ends. Despite these curricular developments, ultimately the field of nutrition will not mature until the American Board of Medical Specialties recognizes nutrition medicine with specialty board certification.

Hypoalbuminaemia in the perioperative period: clinical significance and management options.

Albumin has been the focus of literally thousands of articles since its first use in the clinical setting during World War II. Despite being at the centre of several clinical controversies, many questions still remain regarding the use and abuse of albumin. The major physiologic functions include maintaining colloid osmotic pressure, binding and transport of metabolically active molecules, serving as an antioxidant, use as a surrogate marker of nutritional status and predictor of outcome in elective surgical populations, having an anti-thrombotic influence on platelets, aiding in acid-base balance and having a protective influence on capillary membrane integrity. Albumin will continue to be widely used in clinical medicine despite many of the drawbacks. It now appears the benefits in the use of albumin in most cases outweigh the risks. The clinical implications of hypoalbuminaemia as an indicator of surgical or intensive care unit (ICU) outcome or nutritional status is clearly disease- and organ specific. The use of albumin as a volume expander appears to have limited, if any, benefit over crystalloid. The "secondary" benefits of albumin in specific surgical and intensive-care conditions, such as sepsis and organ dysfunction, are numerous and are well supported in the current literature.

Aggressive operative treatment for emetogenic rupture yields superior results.

The treatment of emetogenic rupture remained controversial and was particularly so when the patient arrived for definitive care greater than 24 hours postrupture. We treated patients with continued extravasation of contrast from the esophagus by early operation regardless of the timing of their presentation. All primary repairs received a reinforced closure and many delayed repairs had an onlay flap for closure of the leak. We treated 31 patients with emetogenic rupture; 24 of 25 patients with extravasation had operative repair, whereas six with small, contained ruptures were treated medically. Twelve were operated on within 24 hours, whereas 24 presented from 36 to 796 hours postrupture. We were able to achieve closure of the defect by primary suture repair or with a tissue flap in all patients. There were no postoperative leaks. One patient each died in the operated group and observed group. There were minimal complications and a relatively short hospital stay. Our results support the use of aggressive operative treatment for emetogenic rupture regardless of the timing of patient presentation. Such treatment preserved esophageal function and was accomplished with relatively low morbidity and mortality.

Recycling of vitamin C from its oxidized forms by human endothelial cells.

Endothelial cells encounter oxidant stress due to their location in the vascular wall, and because they generate reactive nitrogen species. Because ascorbic acid is likely involved in the antioxidant defenses of these cells, we studied the mechanisms by which cultures of EA.hy926 endothelial cells recycle the vitamin from its oxidized forms. Cell lysates reduced the ascorbate free radical (AFR) by both NADH- and NADPH-dependent mechanisms. Most NADH-dependent AFR reduction occurred in the particulate fraction of the cells. NADPH-dependent reduction resembled that due to NADH in having a high affinity for the AFR, but was mediated largely by thioredoxin reductase. Reduction of dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) required GSH and was both direct and enzyme dependent. The latter was saturable, half-maximal at 100 microM DHA, and comparable to rates of AFR reduction. Loading cells to ascorbate concentrations of 0.3-1.6 mM generated intracellular DHA concentrations of 20-30 microM, indicative of oxidant stress in culture. Whereas high-affinity AFR reduction is the initial and likely the preferred mechanism of ascorbate recycling, any DHA that accumulates during oxidant stress will be reduced by GSH-dependent mechanisms.