Microfragmented abdominal adipose tissue-derived stem cells from knee osteoarthritis patients aged 29-65 years demonstrate in vitro stemness and low levels of cellular senescence.

Purpose: To investigate the level of cellular senescence in stem cells derived from microfragmented abdominal adipose tissue harvested from patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods: Stem cells harvested from microfragmented abdominal adipose tissue from 20 patients with knee OA, aged 29-65 years (mean = 49.8, SD = 9.58), were analysed as a function of patient age and compared with control cells exhibiting signs of cellular senescence. Steady-state mRNA levels of a panel of genes associated with senescence were measured by qPCR. Intracellular senescence-associated proteins p16 and p21, and senescence-associated ß-galactosidase activity were measured by flow cytometry. Cellular proliferation was assessed using a 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine proliferation assay. Stemness was assessed by stem cell surface markers using flow cytometry and the capacity to undergo adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation in vitro. Results: No correlation was found between cellular senescence levels of the microfragmented adipose tissue-derived stem cells and patient age for any of the standard assays used to quantify senescence. The level of cellular senescence was generally low across all senescence-associated assays compared to the positive senescence control. Stemness was verified for all samples. An increased capacity to undergo adipogenic differentiation was shown with increasing patient age (p = 0.02). No effect of patient age was found for osteogenic differentiation. Conclusions: Autologous microfragmented adipose tissue-derived stem cells may be used in clinical trials of knee OA of patients aged 29-65 years, at least until passage 4, as they show stemness potential and negligible senescence in vitro. Level of Evidence: Not applicable.

Development and validation of prognostic machine learning models for short- and long-term mortality among acutely admitted patients based on blood tests.

Several scores predicting mortality at the emergency department have been developed. However, all with shortcomings either simple and applicable in a clinical setting, with poor performance, or advanced, with high performance, but clinically difficult to implement. This study aimed to explore if machine learning algorithms could predict all-cause short- and long-term mortality based on the routine blood test collected at admission. METHODS: We analyzed data from a retrospective cohort study, including patients > 18 years admitted to the Emergency Department (ED) of Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Denmark between November 2013 and March 2017. The primary outcomes were 3-, 10-, 30-, and 365-day mortality after admission. PyCaret, an automated machine learning library, was used to evaluate the predictive performance of fifteen machine learning algorithms using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). RESULTS: Data from 48,841 admissions were analyzed, of these 34,190 (70%) were randomly divided into training data, and 14,651 (30%) were in test data. Eight machine learning algorithms achieved very good to excellent results of AUC on test data in a of range 0.85-0.93. In prediction of short-term mortality, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), leukocyte counts and differentials, Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were the best predictors, whereas prediction of long-term mortality was favored by age, LDH, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), albumin, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that measures of biomarkers taken from one blood sample during admission to the ED can identify patients at high risk of short-and long-term mortality following emergency admissions.

Biomarkers and the post-thrombotic syndrome: A systematic review of biomarkers associated with the occurrence of the post-thrombotic syndrome after lower extremity deep venous thrombosis.

INTRODUCTION: Post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) is a frequent chronic complication of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Biomarkers are potentially valuable clinical tools for handling PTS. The purpose of this review was to examine which biomarkers are associated with the development of PTS in adults with lower extremity DVT. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of all English language prospective studies of biomarkers and PTS published in PubMed and EMBASE. Studies were included if diagnosing DVT by diagnostic imaging and assessing PTS by clinical scales, for example, the Villalta scale. Biomarkers of thrombophilia and pathological clot properties were not assessed. Data was reported qualitatively. RESULTS: 15 prospective studies were included. Studies varied widely in study design and methods of data analysis. Forty-six different biomarkers were examined, with seven being measured in two or more studies. The most frequently studied biomarkers were D-dimer, CRP, and IL-6. Associations between PTS and D-dimer were predominantly significant, while results on CRP and IL-6 were inconsistent. ICAM-1 was consistently associated with PTS in all studies and at all timepoints. IL-10 was significantly related to PTS development in the largest study and at all time points. Adiponectin, tPA, HRG and TAFI, MMP-1 and -8, and TIMP-1 and -2 were significantly associated with PTS in single studies. CONCLUSION: (1) Further research on biomarkers and PTS is clearly warranted. (2) Significant differences in study designs made it difficult to draw reliable conclusions regarding individual biomarkers. We suggest the implementation of a standardized framework for the study of biomarkers and PTS, to make comparison of future studies more feasible. (3) D-dimer, ICAM-1, IL-10, MMP-1 and 8, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and adiponectin are clinical biomarkers of particular interest to include in future studies of PTS. Large scale systemic quantitative proteomic analyses of DVT patients could help identify novel biomarkers of interest in PTS-patients.

Senolytic and senomorphic interventions to defy senescence-associated mitochondrial dysfunction.

The accumulation of senescent cells in the aging individual is associated with an increase in the occurrence of age-associated pathologies that contribute to poor health, frailty, and mortality. The number and type of senescent cells is viewed as a contributor to the body's senescence burden. Cellular models of senescence are based on induction of senescence in cultured cells in the laboratory. One type of senescence is triggered by mitochondrial dysfunction. There are several indications that mitochondria defects contribute to body aging. Senotherapeutics, targeting senescent cells, have been shown to induce their lysis by means of senolytics, or repress expression of their secretome, by means of senomorphics, senostatics or gerosuppressors. An outline of the mechanism of action of various senotherapeutics targeting mitochondria and senescence-associated mitochondria dysfunction will be here addressed. The combination of geroprotective interventions together with senotherapeutics will help to strengthen mitochondrial energy metabolism, biogenesis and turnover, and lengthen the mitochondria healthspan, minimizing one of several molecular pathways contributing to the aging phenotype.

Successful isolation of viable stem cells from cryopreserved microfragmented human adipose tissue from patients with knee osteoarthritis - a comparative study of isolation by tissue explant culture and enzymatic digestion.

PURPOSE: To investigate if viable stem cells could be isolated and expanded from cryopreserved microfragmented adipose tissue (AT) harvested from patients with knee osteoarthritis. METHODS: Microfragmented abdominal AT from knee osteoarthritis patients was cryopreserved at -80 °C in cryoprotectant-medium. The samples were thawed for stem cell isolation by tissue explant culture (TEC) and enzymatic digestion (ED), respectively. Viability, population doublings, and doubling time were assessed by trypan blue staining and flow cytometry. Cell type and senescence-associated ß-galactosidase activity were analyzed by flow cytometry. Osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation was assessed quantitatively by Alizarin-Red-S and Oil-Red-O staining, respectively. RESULTS: Microfragmented AT from 7 patients was cryopreserved for a period of 46-150 days (mean (SD) 115.9 days (44.3 days)). Viable stem cells were successfully recovered and expanded from all patients using both isolation methods with no significant difference in viable population doublings or doubling time from passage 1 to 3 (p > 0.05). Low levels of senescence-associated ß-galactosidase activity was detected for both methods with no significant difference between TEC and ED (p = 0.17). Stemness was verified by stem cell surface markers and osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation performance. Adventitial stem cells (CD31-CD34+CD45-CD90+CD146-), pericytes (CD31-CD34-CD45-CD90+CD146+), transitional pericytes (CD31-CD34+CD45-CD90+CD146+), and CD271+ stem cells (CD31-CD45-CD90+CD271+) were identified using both methods. More pericytes were present when using TEC (25% (24%)) compared to ED (3% (2%)) at passage 4 (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Viable stem cells can be isolated and expanded from cryopreserved microfragmented AT using both TEC and ED. TEC provides more clinically relevant pericytes than ED.

suPAR Cut-Offs for Risk Stratification in Patients With Symptoms of COVID-19.

OBJECTIVES: Elevated soluble urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor (suPAR) is a biomarker associated with adverse outcomes. We aimed to investigate the associations between plasma suPAR levels (testing the cut-offs ⩽4, 4-6, and ⩾6 ng/mL) with risk of 14-day mortality, and with the risk of mechanical ventilation in patients that tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. METHODS: Observational cohort study of patients presenting with symptoms of COVID-19 at Department of Emergency Medicine, Amager and Hvidovre Hospital, Denmark from March 19th, 2020 to April 3rd, 2020. Plasma suPAR was measured using suPARnostic technologies. Patients were followed for development of mechanical ventilation and mortality for 14 days. Validation of our findings were carried out in a similar sized COVID-19 patient cohort from Mikkeli Central Hospital, Finland. RESULTS: Among 386 patients with symptoms of COVID-19, the median (interquartile range) age was 64 years (46-77), 57% were women, median suPAR was 4.0 ng/mL (2.7-5.9). In total, 35 patients (9.1%) died during the 14 days follow-up. Patients with suPAR ⩽4 ng/mL (N = 196; 50.8%) had a low risk of mortality (N = 2; 1.0%; negative predictive value of 99.0%, specificity 55.3%, sensitivity 95.2%, positive predictive value 17.4%). Among patients with suPAR ⩾6 ng/mL (N = 92; 23.8%), 16 died (17.4%). About 99 patients (25.6%) tested positive for SARS CoV-2 and of those 12 (12.1%) developed need for mechanical ventilation. None of the SARS-CoV-2 positive patients with suPAR ⩽4 ng/mL (N = 28; 38.8%) needed mechanical ventilation or died. The Mikkeli Central Hospital validation cohort confirmed our findings concerning suPAR cut-offs for risk of development of mechanical ventilation and mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with symptoms of COVID-19 and suPAR ⩽4 or ⩾6 ng/mL had low or high risk, respectively, concerning the need for mechanical ventilation or mortality. We suggest cut-offs for identification of risk groups in patients presenting to the ED with symptoms of or confirmed COVID-19.

Soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor as a Decision Marker for Early Discharge of Patients with COVID-19 Symptoms in the Emergency Department.

BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (The Covid-19 pandemic) strains health care capacity. Better risk stratification, with discharge of patients with a predicted mild disease trajectory, can ease this burden. Elevated blood-soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) has previously been shown to be associated with risk of intubation in confirmed COVID-19 patients. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether point-of-care measures of suPAR in patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with symptoms of COVID-19 can identify patients that can be safely discharged. METHODS: Observational cohort study including all patients in the ED with symptoms of COVID-19 from March 19 to April 3, 2020. SuPAR was measured at first presentation. Review of electronic patient records 14 days after admission was used to assess disease trajectory. Primary endpoints were mild, moderate, severe, or very severe trajectory. The predictive value of suPAR, National Early Warning Score (NEWS), C-reactive protein (CRP), and duration of symptoms was calculated using receiver operating characteristics (ROC). RESULTS: Of 386 patients, 171 (44%) had a mild disease trajectory, 79 (20%) a moderate, 63 (16%) a severe, and 73 (19%) a very severe disease trajectory. Low suPAR was a strong marker of mild disease trajectory. Results suggest a cut-off for discharge for suPAR < 2.0 ng/mL if suPAR is used as a single parameter, and <3.0 ng/mL when combined with NEWS ≤ 4 and CRP < 10 mg/L. CONCLUSION: suPAR is a potential biomarker for triage and safe early discharge of patients with COVID-19 symptoms in the ED. suPAR can be used even before SARS-CoV-2 status is known.

Longitudinal course of GDF15 levels before acute hospitalization and death in the general population.

Growth differentiation 15 (GDF15) is a potential novel biomarker of biological aging. To separate the effects of chronological age and birth cohort from biological age, longitudinal studies investigating the associations of GDF15 levels with adverse health outcomes are needed. We investigated changes in GDF15 levels over 10 years in an age-stratified sample of the general population and their relation to the risk of acute hospitalization and death. Serum levels of GDF15 were measured three times in 5-year intervals in 2176 participants aged 30, 40, 50, or 60 years from the Danish population-based DAN-MONICA cohort. We assessed the association of single and repeated GDF15 measurements with the risk of non-traumatic acute hospitalizations. We tested whether changes in GDF15 levels over 10 years differed according to the frequency of hospitalizations within 2 years or survival within 20 years, after the last GDF15 measurement. The change in GDF15 levels over time was dependent on age and sex. Higher GDF15 levels and a greater increase in GDF15 levels were associated with an increased risk of acute hospitalization in adjusted Cox regression analyses. Participants with more frequent admissions within 2 years, and those who died within 20 years, after the last GDF15 measurement already had elevated GDF15 levels at baseline and experienced greater increases in GDF15 levels during the study. The change in GDF15 levels was associated with changes in C-reactive protein and biomarkers of kidney, liver, and cardiac function. Monitoring of GDF15 starting in middle-aged could be valuable for the prediction of adverse health outcomes.

Association of GDF15 With Inflammation and Physical Function During Aging and Recovery After Acute Hospitalization: A Longitudinal Study of Older Patients and Age-Matched Controls.

Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a stress-induced cytokine. Its plasma levels increase during aging and acute illness. In older Patients and age-matched Controls, we evaluated whether GDF15 levels (i) were associated with recovery after acute illness, and (ii) reflected different trajectories of aging and longitudinal changes in health measures. Fifty-two older Patients (≥65 years) were included upon admission to the emergency department (ED). At 30 days after discharge (time of matching), Patients were matched 1:1 on age and sex with Controls who had not been hospitalized within 2 years of inclusion. Both groups were followed up after 1 year. We assessed plasma levels of GDF15 and inflammatory biomarkers, frailty, nutritional status (mini nutritional assessment short-form), physical and cognitive function, and metabolic biomarkers. In Patients, elevated GDF15 levels at ED admission were associated with poorer resolution of inflammation (soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor [suPAR]), slowing of gait speed, and declining nutritional status between admission and 30-day follow-up. At time of matching, Patients were frailer and overall less healthy than age-matched Controls. GDF15 levels were significantly associated with participant group, on average Patients had almost 60% higher GDF15 than age-matched Controls, and this difference was partly mediated by reduced physical function. Increases in GDF15 levels between time of matching and 1-year follow-up were associated with increases in levels of interleukin-6 in Patients, and tumor necrosis factor-α and suPAR in age-matched Controls. In older adults, elevated GDF15 levels were associated with signs of accelerated aging and with poorer recovery after acute illness.

The effect of circadian-adjusted LED-based lighting on sleep, daytime sleepiness and biomarkers of inflammation in a randomized controlled cross-over trial by pragmatic design in elderly care home dwellers.

AIM: Elderly multimorbid care home dwellers are a heterogenic group of frail individuals that exhibit sleep disturbances and a range of co-morbidities. The project aimed to study the possible effect of indoor circadian-adjusted LED-lighting (CaLED) in the elderly residents' care home on their sleeping patterns and systemic biomarkers associated with inflammation. METHODS: A 16-week trial study was performed to follow the intervention and control groups using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) to monitor sleep and daytime sleepiness, and biomarkers IL-6, TNF-α and suPAR, to estimate the levels of inflammation. RESULTS: There was no significant impact on sleep improvement after the short intervention time when analyzing the PSQI and ESS results. However, we found several challenges using these tools for this specific group of individuals. Thus, important knowledge was gained for future studies in elderly care home dwellers. The inflammation state throughout the entire study period was stable for most of the elderly and no significant change was detected from before to after the intervention. This study represents a first-to-date attempt to ameliorate the adverse effects of sleep disturbances that characterize a randomly chosen group of elderly multimorbid subjects, by using circadian-adjusted LED-lighting in a natural care home environment. CONCLUSION: In this pragmatic randomized study of home dwelling individuals we were not able to demonstrate an improved sleep pattern as judged by PSQI, ESS or a change in inflammatory state.

Alterations of monocyte NF-κB p65/RelA signaling in a cohort of older medical patients, age-matched controls, and healthy young adults.

BACKGROUND: Altered monocyte NF-κB signaling is a possible cause of inflammaging and driver of aging, however, evidence from human aging studies is sparse. We assessed monocyte NF-κB signaling across different aging trajectories by comparing healthy older adults to older adults with a recent emergency department (ED) admission and to young adults. METHODS: We used data from: 52 older (≥65 years) Patients collected upon ED admission and at follow-up 30-days after discharge; 52 age- and sex-matched Older Controls without recent hospitalization; and 60 healthy Young Controls (20-35 years). Using flow cytometry, we assessed basal NF-κB phosphorylation (pNF-κB p65/RelA; Ser529) and induction of pNF-κB following stimulation with LPS or TNF-α in monocytes. We assessed frailty (FI-OutRef), physical and cognitive function, and plasma levels of IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α, and soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor. RESULTS: Patients at follow-up were frailer, had higher levels of inflammatory markers and decreased physical and cognitive function than Older Controls. Patients at follow-up had higher basal pNF-κB levels than Older Controls (median fluorescence intensity (MFI): 125, IQR: 105-153 vs. MFI: 80, IQR: 71-90, p < 0.0001), and reduced pNF-κB induction in response to LPS (mean pNF-κB MFI fold change calculated as the log10 ratio of LPS-stimulation to the PBS-control: 0.10, 95% CI: 0.08 to 0.12 vs. 0.13, 95% CI: 0.10 to 0.15, p = 0.05) and TNF-α stimulation (0.02, 95% CI: - 0.00 to 0.05 vs. 0.10, 95% CI: 0.08 to 0.12, p < 0.0001). Older Controls had higher levels of inflammatory markers than Young Controls, but basal pNF-κB MFI did not differ between Older and Young Controls (MFI: 81, IQR: 70-86; p = 0.72). Older Controls had reduced pNF-κB induction in response to LPS and TNF-α compared to Young Controls (LPS: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.44, p < 0.0001; and TNF-α: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.27 to 0.40, p < 0.0001). In Older Controls, basal pNF-κB MFI was associated with FI-OutRef (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Increased basal pNF-κB activity in monocytes could be involved in the processes of frailty and accelerated aging. Furthermore, we show that monocyte NF-κB activation upon stimulation was impaired in frail older adults, which could result in reduced immune responses and vaccine effectiveness.

Aging and lineage allocation changes of bone marrow skeletal (stromal) stem cells.

Aging is associated with decreased bone mass and accumulation of bone marrow adipocytes. Both bone forming osteoblastic cells and bone marrow adipocytes are derived from a stem cell population within the bone marrow stroma called bone marrow stromal (skeletal or mesenchymal) stem cells (BMSC). In the present review, we provide an overview, based on the current literature, regarding the physiological aging processes that cause changes in BMSC lineage allocation, enhancement of adipocyte and defective osteoblast differentiation, leading to gradual exhaustion of stem cell regenerative potential and defects in bone tissue homeostasis and metabolism. We discuss strategies to preserve the "youthful" state of BMSC, to reduce bone marrow age-associated adiposity, and to counteract the overall negative effects of aging on bone tissues with the aim of decreasing bone fragility and risk of fractures.

Low Constitutive Cell Surface Expression of HLA-B Is Caused by a Posttranslational Mechanism Involving Glu180 and Arg239.

HLA class I cell surface expression is crucial for normal immune responses, and variability in HLA expression may influence the course of infections. We have previously shown that classical HLA class I expression on many human cell types is biased with greatly reduced expression of HLA-B compared with HLA-A in the absence of inflammatory signals. In the search for the mechanisms responsible for this discrepancy, we have recently reported that the regulation is mainly posttranslational and that the C-terminal part of the α2 domain and the α3 domain contain the molecular determinants that explain most of the variability of expression between common HLA-A and -B allomorphs. In this study, we present a fine mapping of the structural determinants that allow such variability by exchanging key amino acids located within the C-terminal part of the α2 domain and the α3 domain of HLA-A2 and -B8, including Glu/Asp at position 177, Gln/Glu at position 180, Gly/Arg at position 239, and Pro/Ser at position 280. We found that the HLA-A2 and -B8 expression profiles could be interconverted to a large extent by mutual exchange of Gln/Glu at position 180 or by Gly/Arg at position 239. The presence of Gln180 and Gly239, as in HLA-A2, led to higher cell surface expression levels when compared with the presence of Glu180 and Arg239, as in HLA-B8. This indicates that the amino acids at positions 180 and 239 determine the level of cell surface expression of common HLA-A and -B allomorphs, probably by affecting HLA processing in the Ag presentation pathway.

Cell surface expression level variation between two common Human Leukocyte Antigen alleles, HLA-A2 and HLA-B8, is dependent on the structure of the C terminal part of the alpha 2 and the alpha 3 domains.

Constitutive cell surface expression of Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) class I antigens vary extremely from tissue to tissue and individual antigens may differ widely in expression levels. Down-regulation of class I expression is a known immune evasive mechanism used by cancer cells and viruses. Moreover, recent observations suggest that even minor differences in expression levels may influence the course of viral infections and the frequency of complications to stem cell transplantation. We have shown that some human multipotent stem cells have high expression of HLA-A while HLA-B is only weakly expressed, and demonstrate here that this is also the case for the human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293T. Using quantitative flow cytometry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction we found expression levels of endogenous HLA-A3 (median 71,204 molecules per cell) 9.2-fold higher than the expression of-B7 (P = 0.002). Transfection experiments with full-length HLA-A2 and -B8 encoding plasmids confirmed this (54,031 molecules per cell vs. 2,466, respectively, P = 0.001) independently of transcript levels suggesting a post-transcriptional regulation. Using chimeric constructs we found that the cytoplasmic tail and the transmembrane region had no impact on the differential cell surface expression. In contrast, ~65% of the difference could be mapped to the six C-terminal amino acids of the alpha 2 domain and the alpha 3 domain (amino acids 176-284), i.e. amino acids not previously shown to be of importance for differential expression levels of HLA class I molecules. We suggest that the differential cell surface expression of two common HLA-A and-B alleles is regulated by a post-translational mechanism that may involve hitherto unrecognized molecules.

Separate developmental programs for HLA-A and -B cell surface expression during differentiation from embryonic stem cells to lymphocytes, adipocytes and osteoblasts.

A major problem of allogeneic stem cell therapy is immunologically mediated graft rejection. HLA class I A, B, and Cw antigens are crucial factors, but little is known of their respective expression on stem cells and their progenies. We have recently shown that locus-specific expression (HLA-A, but not -B) is seen on some multipotent stem cells, and this raises the question how this is in other stem cells and how it changes during differentiation. In this study, we have used flow cytometry to investigate the cell surface expression of HLA-A and -B on human embryonic stem cells (hESC), human hematopoietic stem cells (hHSC), human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) and their fully-differentiated progenies such as lymphocytes, adipocytes and osteoblasts. hESC showed extremely low levels of HLA-A and no -B. In contrast, multipotent hMSC and hHSC generally expressed higher levels of HLA-A and clearly HLA-B though at lower levels. IFNγ induced HLA-A to very high levels on both hESC and hMSC and HLA-B on hMSC. Even on hESC, a low expression of HLA-B was achieved. Differentiation of hMSC to osteoblasts downregulated HLA-A expression (P = 0.017). Interestingly HLA class I on T lymphocytes differed between different compartments. Mature bone marrow CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells expressed similar HLA-A and -B levels as hHSC, while in the peripheral blood they expressed significantly more HLA-B7 (P = 0.0007 and P = 0.004 for CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, respectively). Thus different HLA loci are differentially regulated during differentiation of stem cells.

Impaired TCA cycle flux in mitochondria in skeletal muscle from type 2 diabetic subjects: marker or maker of the diabetic phenotype?

The diabetic phenotype is complex, requiring elucidation of key initiating defects. Recent research has shown that diabetic myotubes express a primary reduced tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux. A reduced TCA cycle flux has also been shown both in insulin resistant offspring of T2D patients and exercising T2D patients in vivo. This review will discuss the latest advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating the TCA cycle with focus on possible underlying mechanism which could explain the impaired TCA flux in insulin resistant human skeletal muscle in type 2 diabetes. A reduced TCA is both a marker and a maker of the diabetic phenotype.

Human myotubes from myoblast cultures undergoing senescence exhibit defects in glucose and lipid metabolism.

Adult stem cells are known to have a finite replication potential. Muscle biopsy-derived human satellite cells (SCs) were grown at different passages and differentiated to human myotubes in culture to analyze the functional state of various carbohydrate and lipid metabolic pathways. As the proliferative potential of myoblasts decreased dramatically with passage number, a number of cellular functions were altered: the capacity of myoblasts to fuse and differentiate into myotubes was reduced, and metabolic processes in myotubes such as glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, glucose oxidation and fatty acid ß-oxidation became gradually impaired. Upon insulin stimulation, glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis increased but as the cellular proliferative capacity became gradually exhausted, the response dropped concomitantly. Palmitic acid incorporation into lipids in myotubes decreased with passage number and could be explained by reduced incorporation into diacyl- and triacylglycerols. The levels of long-chain acyl-CoA esters decreased with increased passage number. Late-passage, non-proliferating, myoblast cultures showed strong senescence-associated ß-galactosidase activity indicating that the observed metabolic defects accompany the induction of a senescent state. The main function of SCs is regeneration and skeletal muscle-build up. Thus, the metabolic defects observed during aging of SC-derived myotubes could have a role in sarcopenia, the gradual age-related loss of muscle mass and strength.

Impaired cell surface expression of HLA-B antigens on mesenchymal stem cells and muscle cell progenitors.

HLA class-I expression is weak in embryonic stem cells but increases rapidly during lineage progression. It is unknown whether all three classical HLA class-I antigens follow the same developmental program. In the present study, we investigated allele-specific expression of HLA-A, -B, and -C at the mRNA and protein levels on human mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow and adipose tissue as well as striated muscle satellite cells and lymphocytes. Using multicolour flow cytometry, we found high cell surface expression of HLA-A on all stem cells and PBMC examined. Surprisingly, HLA-B was either undetectable or very weakly expressed on all stem cells protecting them from complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) using relevant human anti-B and anti-Cw sera. IFNgamma stimulation for 48-72 h was required to induce full HLA-B protein expression. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR showed that IFNgamma induced a 9-42 fold increase of all six HLA-A,-B,-C gene transcripts. Interestingly, prior to stimulation, gene transcripts for all but two alleles were present in similar amounts suggesting that post-transcriptional mechanisms regulate the constitutive expression of HLA-A,-B, and -C. Locus-restricted expression of HLA-A, -B and -C challenges our current understanding of the function of these molecules as regulators of CD8(+) T-cell and NK-cell function and should lead to further inquiries into their expression on other cell types.

Strategies for future histocompatible stem cell therapy.

Stem cell therapy based on the safe and unlimited self-renewal of human pluripotent stem cells is envisioned for future use in tissue or organ replacement after injury or disease. A gradual decline of regenerative capacity has been documented among the adult stem cell population in some body organs during the aging process. Recent progress in human somatic cell nuclear transfer and inducible pluripotent stem cell technologies has shown that patient-derived nuclei or somatic cells can be reprogrammed in vitro to become pluripotent stem cells, from which the three germ layer lineages can be generated, genetically identical to the recipient. Once differentiation protocols and culture conditions can be defined and optimized, patient-histocompatible pluripotent stem cells could be directed towards virtually every cell type in the human body. Harnessing this capability to enrich for given cells within a developmental lineage, would facilitate the transplantation of organ/tissue-specific adult stem cells or terminally differentiated somatic cells to improve the function of diseased organs or tissues in an individual. Here, we present an overview of various experimental cell therapy technologies based on the use of patient-histocompatible stem cells, the pending issues needed to be dealt with before clinical trials can be initiated, evidence for the loss and/or aging of the stem cell pool and some of the possible uses of human pluripotent stem cell-derivatives aimed at curing disease and improving health.

Selective PPAR agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized by increased plasma glucose and insulin as well as dyslipidemia. If left untreated, chronic diseases will develop that are associated with neuropathic damage and higher mortality risk. Using a rational drug design, novel compounds have been developed that selectively activate the human PPAR receptors, leading to lessening of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia as well as reduction of lipid levels in conjunction with an increase of the beneficial HDL-cholesterol. These PPAR agonists showed increased potency and efficacy compared to previously marketed insulin sensitizers. Lead compounds with desirable pharmacokinetic properties were chosen for further testing in several animal models. The in vivo activity of some synthetic ligands, capable of activating two or all three members of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) family of receptors, suggested that they may have improved efficacy in type 2 diabetes therapy. Here, we briefly summarize the development of some novel PPAR agonists identified by our group in recent years.