Description of a new species of Euptychiina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) from South America.

A new species of Magneuptychia Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), Magneuptychia andrei Zacca, Casagrande & Mielke sp. n., is described and illustrated from Venezuela, French Guiana, Trinidad and Tobago and northern Brazil. A comparative diagnosis between the new species and Magneuptychia ocypete (Fabricius, 1776), M. fugitiva Lamas, [1997] and Cissia terrestris (Butler, 1867) is also provided due the similarities in wing pattern.

Multilocus species trees show the recent adaptive radiation of the mimetic heliconius butterflies.

Müllerian mimicry among Neotropical Heliconiini butterflies is an excellent example of natural selection, associated with the diversification of a large continental-scale radiation. Some of the processes driving the evolution of mimicry rings are likely to generate incongruent phylogenetic signals across the assemblage, and thus pose a challenge for systematics. We use a data set of 22 mitochondrial and nuclear markers from 92% of species in the tribe, obtained by Sanger sequencing and de novo assembly of short read data, to re-examine the phylogeny of Heliconiini with both supermatrix and multispecies coalescent approaches, characterize the patterns of conflicting signal, and compare the performance of various methodological approaches to reflect the heterogeneity across the data. Despite the large extent of reticulate signal and strong conflict between markers, nearly identical topologies are consistently recovered by most of the analyses, although the supermatrix approach failed to reflect the underlying variation in the history of individual loci. However, the supermatrix represents a useful approximation where multiple rare species represented by short sequences can be incorporated easily. The first comprehensive, time-calibrated phylogeny of this group is used to test the hypotheses of a diversification rate increase driven by the dramatic environmental changes in the Neotropics over the past 23 myr, or changes caused by diversity-dependent effects on the rate of diversification. We find that the rate of diversification has increased on the branch leading to the presently most species-rich genus Heliconius, but the change occurred gradually and cannot be unequivocally attributed to a specific environmental driver. Our study provides comprehensive comparison of philosophically distinct species tree reconstruction methods and provides insights into the diversification of an important insect radiation in the most biodiverse region of the planet.

Two new species of Euptychia Hübner, 1818 from the upper Amazon basin (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae).

Two new species of Euptychia Hübner, 1818 are described from the upper Amazon basin: Euptychia attenboroughi Neild, Nakahara, Fratello & Le Crom, sp. n. (type locality: Amazonas, Venezuela), and Euptychia sophiae Zacca, Nakahara, Dolibaina & Dias, sp. n. (type locality: Acre, Brazil). Their unusual facies prompted molecular and phylogenetic analyses of one of the species resulting in support for their classification in monophyletic Euptychia. Diagnostic characters for the two species are presented based on wing morphology, wing pattern, presence of androconial patches on the hindwing, and genitalia. Our results indicate that the projection of the tegumen above the uncus, previously considered a synapomorphy for Euptychia, is not shared by all species in the genus. The adults and their genitalia are documented, and distribution data and a map are provided.

ResumoDuas novas espécies de Euptychia Hübner, 1818 são descritas da bacia do alto Rio Amazonas: Euptychia attenboroughi Neild, Nakahara, Fratello & Le Crom, sp. n. (localidade tipo: Amazonas, Venezuela), Euptychia sophiae Zacca, Nakahara, Dolibaina & Dias, sp. n. (localidade tipo: Acre, Brasil). Suas aparências não usuais levaram a análises molecular e filogenética de uma das espécies que sustentam sua classificação como Euptychia. São apresentados caracteres diagnósticos para as duas espécies baseados na morfologia e no padrão de coloração de suas asas, presença de manchas androconiais nas asas posteriores e suas genitálias. Os resultados indicam que a projeção do tegume sobre o unco, previamente considerada uma sinapomorfia para Euptychia, não é compartilhada por todas as espécies do gênero. São ilustrados os adultos e suas genitálias, bem como dados e mapa de distribuição.

ResumenSe describen dos nuevas especies de Euptychia Hübner, 1818 para la cuenca alta del Río Amazonas: Euptychia attenboroughi Neild, Nakahara, Fratello & Le Crom, sp. n. (localidad típica: Amazonas, Venezuela) y Euptychia sophiae Zacca, Nakahara, Dolibaina & Dias, sp. n. (localidad típica: Acre, Brasil). Sus apariencias inusuales motivaron el análisis molecular y filogenético de una de las especies, lo cual sustenta su clasificación como Euptychia. Se presentan caracteres diagnósticos para las dos especies basados en la morfología y patrón de coloración alar, presencia de parches androconiales en las alas posteriores y sus genitales. Los resultados indican que la proyección del tegumen sobre el uncus, previamente considerada una sinapomorfía para Euptychia, no es compartida por todas las especies del género. Se ilustran los adultos y sus genitales, y se proporcionan datos y mapa de distribución.