Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Patients with Developmental Delay in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Background: Developmental delay is a major health problem throughout the world causing significant individual disability. Even though physical examination and patient history are the most important and basic evaluations of patients with developmental delay, additional investigations are usually required in supporting or reaching a diagnosis among which is neuroimaging. This study aims to assess brain Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) patterns in patients presented with developmental delay. Method: A retrospective analysis of 164 patients who had undergone brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) evaluation for the developmental delay was done. The study was conducted between March to November 2021 G.C at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH). The patients' clinical history and magnetic resonance imaging reports were reviewed from their medical records. All patients with developmental delay who had brain MRI evaluation at TASH and at one private diagnostic center in Addis Ababa were included in the study. Results: A total of 164 patients were included in this study of which 95(57.9%) were male and 69(42.1%) female patients were seen. A total of 120 patients (73.2%) showed abnormal brain MRI studies. Previous neurovascular insults were the most common abnormalities seen in 75(45.7%) patients followed by imaging findings of congenital and developmental abnormalities seen in 20(12.2%) patients. Conclusion: Brain MRI is an important input in the evaluation of patients with developmental delay. It can give evidence for the cause of developmental delay, especially in the diagnosis of perinatal/hypoxic-ischemic insults, and congenital and developmental malformations.

Pediatric Oculo-orbital Tumor Characteristics, Imaging and Histopathology Agreement in a Tertiary Level Teaching Hospital, Ethiopia.

Background: Oculo-orbital tumors are frequently encountered pathologies and late diagnosis results in high morbidity and mortality in developing countries. This study aims to assess the computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging patterns of pediatric oculo-orbital tumors with particular emphasis on retinoblastoma and compare agreement between imaging and histopathology diagnosis. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 101 pediatric patients with oculo-orbital lesions from February 2017 to January 2020 at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital oncology center. Medical records were reviewed for clinical data, history, physical examination, pretreatment eye exam under anesthesia (EUA), computed tomography (CT) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histopathology reports. The agreement between imaging and histopathology diagnosis was analyzed. Results: Malignant oculo-orbital tumors represented 97 (96.1%) cases. Age group 2-5 years had 56 (55.4%) cases of oculo-orbital tumors. Retinoblastoma accounted for 78 (77.2%) followed by rhabdomyosarcoma in 8 (7.9%) patients. The primary patient complaint was proptosis in 78 (77.2%) followed by leukocoria in 16 (15.8%). In 88 (89.7%) cases, there was agreement between imaging and histologic findings with 72 out of the 75 histopathology confirmed cases of retinoblastoma showing an agreement. Retinoblastoma patients presented at an advanced stage with orbital and intracranial extension. Conclusions: In conclusion, patients with oculo-orbital tumors presented with advanced stage of disease. Excellent imaging and histopathology agreement was demonstrated.