Development of a framework with specific reference to exit-level outcomes for the education and training of South African undergraduate physiotherapy students.

The aim of the study was to develop a framework for undergraduate programmes for the education and training of physiotherapists in South Africa. The research comprised a literature survey, interviews with United Kingdom physiotherapy educators and departmental workshops in South Africa. The Delphi technique was employed as research method to evaluate the proposed framework. The measuring instrument was a questionnaire comprising of amongst others, statements related to exit-level outcomes, which were rated on a five-point rating scale. Two rounds of the Delphi technique were required before acceptable consensus was reached and a framework for the development of a physiotherapy education and training programme was compiled. The framework has been designed as a benchmark for the development of innovative physiotherapy curricula in South Africa. This paper provides information of the exit-level outcomes specified in the framework.

Histology and ultrastructure of the hepatopancreas of the tigerfish, Hydrocynus forskahlii.

Study of the histology and ultrastructure of the hepatopancreas of the tigerfish, Hydrocynus forskahlii shows that the liver parenchyma is divided into irregularly shaped lobules, separated by the exocrine pancreas and associated connective tissue. The hepatocytes are arranged in interconnecting cords or laminae, two to three cell layers in thickness. Sinusoids separate the laminae. The spherical to oval-shaped hepatocytes contain large, round, centrally situated nuclei with prominent nucleoli. The cytoplasm of the hepatocytes contains abundant rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulae, free polysomes, and mitochondria. Exocrine pancreatic tissue is scattered throughout the liver. This tissue is encapsulated by an endothelium resting on a thin layer of connective tissue and is separated from the liver parenchyma by a sinusoid. The nuclei of the exocrine pancreas cells are spherical, basally situated within the cells, and contain dark nucleoli. Vesicular rough endoplasmic reticulae and secretory granules lie in the apical regions of the exocrine pancreas cells. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Light, electron microscopical, and immunocytochemical investigation of the stomach wall of the tigerfish Hydrocynus forskahlii.

The wall of the stomach of the tigerfish is described and compared with that of other vertebrates. Light microscopic and ultrastructural characteristics of the stomach wall correspond to a large extent to those of other vertebrates, although some differences are found. The mucosa contains (1) surface epithelium characterized by narrow columnar cells with abundant mucous granules; (2) gastric glands consisting of pepsinogenic cells of variable height, containing tubulovesicles and bearing microvilli; (3) five granulated cell types located basally in the epithelium (types 1-5); and (4) lamina propria and muscularis mucosae. Connective tissue separating smooth muscle fibers of the muscularis mucosae constitutes a stratum compactum. The submucosa contains a loose connective tissue, a tunica muscularis of inner circular and outer longitudinal layers, and a serosa of mesothelium and subjacent connective tissue. Immunocytochemical tests with antisera to five polypeptides show gastrin/cholecystokinin (CCK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) immunoreactivities in some cells of the gastric glands, and somatostatin in cells lying among epithelial cells lining the gastric luminal surface or gastric pits.