ABSTRACT
One of the most visible and contentious issues regarding the fairness of the original system of organ procurement and allocation is the argument that it resulted in great disparities in the total amount of time a patient waited for an organ (i.e. the time from registration at a transplantation center to transplant), depending on where he or she lived. In an attempt to resolve this debate, Congress charged the National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine to perform an independent study of the original system and proposed rule changes. In an analysis of approximately 68,000 transplant waiting list records, the committee developed several conclusions and recommendations largely specific to liver transplantation policies. The purpose of this paper is to describe both the results of the study and the statistical foundations of the mixed-effects multinomial logistic regression model that led to the committee's conclusions.
Subject(s)
Health Care Rationing , Organ Transplantation , Statistics as Topic/methods , Waiting Lists , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Liver Diseases/mortality , Liver Diseases/surgery , Liver Transplantation , Male , Middle Aged , National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, U.S., Health and Medicine Division , Patient Selection , Sex Factors , Treatment Outcome , United StatesABSTRACT
Contemporary visual artists are incorporating genetic concepts into their work, and this work has become prominently featured in numerous museum and gallery exhibitions. Such art uses visual images that represent the language of genomics, the values affected by genetic understanding of the body and the implications of bioengineering. Here, we present various examples of how artists depict aspects of genetics as cultural icons and symbols; in particular, their focus on DNA as information and on the commercialization of genetics research material.
Subject(s)
Art , Genetics , DNAABSTRACT
The biological sciences have long been used to define distinctions between people and to define inequalities as a natural consequence of essential biological traits. Today, geneticists draw distinctions on the basis of genetic predispositions. Their population-based methods can reinforce stereotypes about race and ethnic differences, providing concepts, validated by science, through which group differences can be interpreted as biologically ordained. Cases suggest how genetic variants can be used in social policies as individuals are differentially treated, not on the basis of their individual condition, but because of predispositions attributed to their group.
Subject(s)
Genetic Predisposition to Disease/ethnology , Genetic Research , Genetic Testing , Population Groups/genetics , Stereotyping , Ethnicity/genetics , Eugenics/history , Genetics, Population , History, 20th Century , Humans , Racial Groups/geneticsABSTRACT
The human body is becoming hot property, a resource to be "mined," "harvested," patented, and traded commercially for profit as well as scientific and therapeutic advances. Under the new entrepreneurial approach to the body old tensions take on new dimensions -- about consent, the fair distribution of tissues and products developed from them, the individual and cultural values represented by the body, and public policy governing the use of organs and tissues.
Subject(s)
Biomedical Research , Commodification , Economics , Fetal Blood , Genes , Genetic Research , Genetics , Human Body , Industry , Ownership , Patents as Topic , Research , Tissue Banks , Tissue Donors , Tissue and Organ Procurement , Advertising , Base Sequence , Blood Donors , Cadaver , Cell Line , Conflict of Interest , Databases, Factual , Databases, Nucleic Acid , Dehumanization , Embryo, Mammalian , Entrepreneurship , Eugenics , Financial Support , Genetic Therapy , Genetic Variation , Genetics, Population , History , Humans , Informed Consent , International Cooperation , Internationality , Minority Groups , Motivation , Persons , Physicians , Prejudice , Professional Misconduct , Public Policy , Research Personnel , Social Change , Stem Cells , Trust , United States , Universities , Vulnerable PopulationsSubject(s)
Human Body , Jurisprudence , Ownership , Patents as Topic , Social Values , Biomedical Research , Economics , Genes , Genetic Research , Genetic Therapy , Genetics , Humans , Research , Research Personnel , Tissue Donors , Tissue and Organ Procurement , United StatesSubject(s)
Genetic Engineering , Religion , Science , Terminology as Topic , Animals , Animals, Genetically Modified , Clergy , Genes , Genetic Research , Genetic Variation , Genetics , Genetics, Behavioral , Human Genome Project , Humans , Patents as Topic , Politics , Research PersonnelSubject(s)
Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Genetic Research , Genetics, Behavioral , Genetics , Violence , Attitude , Behavioral Research , Humans , Mass Media , Research , Research Personnel , Socioeconomic FactorsSubject(s)
Genetic Engineering , Human Genome Project , Science , DNA, Recombinant , Ecology , Genetic Testing , Humans , Industry , Public Policy , Risk , Risk Assessment , Social Change , Social Control, Formal , Socioeconomic Factors , United StatesSubject(s)
Biology , Genetic Determinism , Genetic Testing , Genetics, Behavioral , Genetics , Individuality , Jurisprudence , Personhood , Social Change , Sociobiology , Adoption , Criminal Law , DNA Fingerprinting , Employment , Eugenics , Family Relations , Female , Freedom , Genetic Counseling , Genetic Diseases, Inborn , Human Genome Project , Humans , Liability, Legal , Mass Screening , Occupational Exposure , Parent-Child Relations , Personal Autonomy , Prejudice , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects , Reproductive Techniques, Assisted , Science , Self Concept , Social Values , Surrogate Mothers , United States , Women , Wrongful LifeSubject(s)
Animals, Genetically Modified , Economics , Genetic Engineering , Patents as Topic , Public Policy , Risk Assessment , Risk , Agriculture , Animal Rights , Animals , Chimera , Community Participation , DNA, Recombinant , Decision Making , Drug Industry , Ecology , Europe , European Union , Government Regulation , Human Rights , Humans , Industry , Information Dissemination , Information Services , International Cooperation , Internationality , Morals , Politics , Public Opinion , Research Personnel , Social Control, Formal , Social Justice , Social Responsibility , United States , UniversitiesSubject(s)
Genetic Testing , Social Change , Conflict of Interest , Delivery of Health Care , Diagnosis , Economics , Education , Employment , Eugenics , Genetic Diseases, Inborn , Genetics, Behavioral , Health , Human Genome Project , Humans , Insurance, Health , Mass Screening , Organizational Policy , Physicians , Prejudice , Public Policy , Social Control, Formal , United StatesSubject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Cultural Characteristics , Culture , Social Change , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/transmission , Attitude , Communicable Diseases , Cultural Diversity , Family , Family Relations , Health Personnel , Health Policy , Homosexuality , Humans , Minority Groups , Patient Advocacy , Public Policy , Role , Sexuality , Social Conformity , Social Control, Formal , Social Values , Substance-Related Disorders , United StatesSubject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , Attitude , Communicable Diseases , Disease , History , Life Style , Minority Groups , Stereotyping , Humans , International Cooperation , Internationality , Morals , Neoplasms , Politics , Poverty , Prejudice , Public Policy , Religion , Sexuality , Sexually Transmitted Diseases , Substance-Related Disorders , SyphilisSubject(s)
Biomedical Research , Biomedical Technology , Mass Media , Research , Academies and Institutes , Artificial Organs , Drug Industry , Editorial Policies , Heart , Hospitals, Proprietary , Humans , Information Dissemination , Information Services , Organ Transplantation , Physicians , Publishing , Research Personnel , SocietiesABSTRACT
Analysis of court hearings in a case to prevent a child with AIDS from attending school reveals how perceptions of risk are shaped by a range of cultural, political, and institutional factors. The many actors in this ritualized verbal combat sought to control interpretations of evidence, scientific credibility, legitimacy of decision-making procedures, and the balance of rights and responsibilities. Technocratic authority may be less important than symbolic and political issues in determining acceptability of risk.
