Reassessment of Health-System Capacity for Experiential Education Requirements.

Objective. To provide an update to the 2007 ASHP-AACP survey by examining the current capacity of hospitals/health systems' ability to conduct experiential education for doctor of pharmacy students. Methods. Pharmacists identified as pharmacy directors were sent an invitation to participate in an online survey tool. The survey tool asked IPPE- and APPE-specific questions, the nature of support provided by colleges/schools of pharmacy, the types of experiences available for students, and the factors influencing the quality, value, and challenges of experiential education. Results. Four hundred sixty five of the 2,911 surveys sent were completed yielding a response rate of 16%. Respectively, 45.1% and 28.5% of respondents believe that the capacity for APPE and IPPE will increase in the next five years. Overall, respondents believe that students receive a high-quality experiential education (91.4%). Conclusion. The results of this survey provide insight to the capacity, benefits and challenges of experiential education from the perspective of hospitals/health systems.

Risk of adverse drug events in neonates treated with opioids and the effect of a bar-code-assisted medication administration system.

PURPOSE: The risk of adverse drug events (ADEs) in neonates treated with opioids and the effect of a bar-code-assisted medication administration (BCMA) system were studied. METHODS: A prospective cohort study of neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) was conducted. A BCMA system was operative for 50% of the study period. Structured medical record audits were conducted to identify medication errors and preventable ADEs. Stratified frequency distribution and Cox proportional hazards analyses were used. RESULTS: Of 618 patients, 78 (12.6%) received postoperative care, 280 (45.3%) required assisted ventilation, and 72 (11.7%) were treated with opioids during their hospitalization. A total of 32 first preventable ADEs occurred. Univariate analyses demonstrated that postoperative status, assisted ventilation, and opioid administration were each significantly associated with ADEs. However, stratified frequency distribution analyses indicated that opioid administration during hospitalization was associated with preventable ADEs, controlling for postoperative status (p = 0.0019) or assisted ventilation (p = 0.0007). The odds ratio for any preventable ADE occurrence in a patient treated with an opioid was 4.74 compared with an infant not treated with an opioid. Patients who were treated with an opioid in the absence of a BCMA system had a 10% probability of an ADE after hospitalization for six days. CONCLUSION: Infants in a NICU who were treated with opioids were at greater risk of a preventable ADE than other patients, adjusted for two medical conditions, assisted ventilation and postoperative status. A BCMA system reduced the risk of harm from an opioid medication error.

Effectiveness of a barcode medication administration system in reducing preventable adverse drug events in a neonatal intensive care unit: a prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Patients are at risk of harm from medication errors. Barcode medication administration (BCMA) systems are recommended to mitigate preventable adverse drug events (ADEs). Our hypothesis was that a BCMA system would reduce preventable ADEs by 45% in a neonatal intensive care unit. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a prospective, observational, cohort study of a BCMA system intervention in a neonatal intensive care unit. Participants were admitted neonates during 50 weeks. Medication errors and potential or preventable ADEs were detected by a daily structured audit of each subject's medical record, with assignment of an event as a preventable ADE made by blinded assessors. The generalized estimating equation method was used in modeling the targeted, preventable ADE rate with covariates. RESULTS: A total of 92,398 medication doses were administered to 958 subjects. The generalized estimating equation method yielded a relative risk of preventable ADE when the system was implemented of 0.53 (95% confidence limits 0.29 to 0.91, P = .04), adjusted for log(10)doses of medication/subject/day, a significant predictive covariate (P < .001), as well as for birth weight, sex, Caucasian race, birth cohort number, and nursing hours/subject/day. CONCLUSION: The BCMA system reduced the risk of targeted, preventable ADEs by 47%, controlling for the number of medication doses/subject/day, an important risk exposure.