ABSTRACT
Curcumin, isolated from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is one of the broadly studied phytomolecule owing to its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential and has been considered a promising therapeutic candidate in a wide range of disorders. Considering, its low bioavailability, different curcumin analogs have been developed to afford desired pharmacokinetic profile and therapeutic outcome in varied pathological states. Several preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that curcumin ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress apoptosis-mediated neural cell degeneration and could effectively be utilized in the treatment of different neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, in this review, we have summarized key findings of experimental and clinical studies conducted on curcumin and its analogues with special emphasis on molecular pathways, viz. NF-kB, Nrf2-ARE, glial activation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, SOCS/JAK/STAT, PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2 /MyD88 /p38 MAPK, JNK, iNOS/NO, and MMP pathways involved in imparting ameliorative effects in the therapy of neurodegenerative disorders and associated conditions.
Subject(s)
Central Nervous System Diseases , Curcumin , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Antioxidants/therapeutic use , Central Nervous System Diseases/drug therapy , Curcuma , Curcumin/pharmacology , Curcumin/therapeutic use , Humans , Oxidative Stress , Phosphatidylinositol 3-KinasesABSTRACT
CONTEXT: Centella asiatica (L.) Urban (Apiaceae), a valuable herb described in Ayurveda, is used in the indigenous system of medicine as a tonic to treat skin diseases. OBJECTIVE: Centella asiatica methanol extract and its ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fraction, were subjected for the evaluation of skin care potential through the in vitro hyaluronidase, elastase and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) inhibitory assay. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The C. asiatica plant was extracted with methanol and fractionated with ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water. The enzymatic activities were evaluated using ursolic acid and oleanolic acid as standards. Isolate molecule asiaticoside was quantified in the crude extract and fractions through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and structural was characterized by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Isolated compound was also evaluated for in vitro enzyme assays. RESULTS: Extract exhibited anti-hyaluronidase and anti-elastase activity with IC50 of 19.27 ± 0.37 and 14.54 ± 0.39 µg/mL, respectively, as compared to ursolic acid. Centella asiatica n-butanol fraction (CAnB) and isolated compound showed significant hyaluronidase (IC50 = 27.00 ± 0.43 and 18.63 ± 0.33 µg/mL) and elastase (IC50 = 29.15 ± 0.31 and 19.45 ± 0.25 µg/mL) inhibitory activities, respectively, and also showed significant MMP-1 inhibition (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: n-Butanol fraction was found to be most effective among the all fractions from which asiaticoside was isolated and further quantified by HPLC. This work concludes that the asiaticoside from C. asiatica may be a prospective agent for skin care.
Subject(s)
Centella/chemistry , Dermatologic Agents/pharmacology , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Hyaluronoglucosaminidase/antagonists & inhibitors , Leukocyte Elastase/antagonists & inhibitors , Matrix Metalloproteinase 1/metabolism , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , 1-Butanol/chemistry , Animals , Cattle , Dermatologic Agents/analysis , Dermatologic Agents/chemistry , Dermatologic Agents/isolation & purification , Enzyme Inhibitors/analysis , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/isolation & purification , Ethnopharmacology , Humans , Hyaluronoglucosaminidase/metabolism , India , Kinetics , Leukocyte Elastase/metabolism , Matrix Metalloproteinase 1/chemistry , Matrix Metalloproteinase 1/genetics , Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors/analysis , Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors/isolation & purification , Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Medicine, Ayurvedic , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Recombinant Proteins/chemistry , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , Solvents/chemistry , Triterpenes/analysis , Triterpenes/isolation & purification , Triterpenes/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Clerodendron serratum (Linn.) Moon (family: Verbenaceae) is used in Indian System of Medicine for asthma and cough. In the present study the extract of the bark of the plant was standardized using oleanolic acid as a marker. Methanolic extracts of the bark were prepared after defatting. HPTLC was used to quantify oleanolic acid in the extract. Percentage content of oleanolic acid in the methanolic extract was determined as 1.2% in contrast to the raw material at 0.058 % (Percentage yield of the extract 4.8%).
