Structural Characteristics of Gastric Cell Populations in Chronic Gastritis and Chronic Hepatitis under Conditions of Helicobacter pylori Persistence.

Helicobacter pylori persistence in patients with chronic gastritis is associated with a complex of nonspecific structural reactions, the type of these reactions correlates with the severity of infection: catarrhal fibrotic changes in the gastric mucosa predominate in cases with manifest colonization, while the absence of H. pylori is associated with predominance of fibrotic process. Analysis of the incidence of some pathomorphological phenomena (degeneration, atrophy, metaplasia, and dysplasia of the surface epithelium) shows no relationship between the presence of H. pylori and colonization intensity. In all patients with chronic hepatitis, the gastric mucosa is involved in the pathological process; fibrosis (gastropathy) was the most common process. No appreciable correlations between the structural changes and hepatitis activity and the presence of H. pylori were detected.

Hepatoprotective properties of betulonic acid amide and heptral in toxic liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in combination with ethanol.

Toxic liver injury with the development of fibrosis and cirrhosis was modeled in Wistar rats by intragastric administration of 0.1 ml/kg CCl4 in combination with 5% ethanol with glucose 3 times a week for 6 weeks. The animals were treated with betulonic acid amide (50 mg/kg in Tween aqueous solution) and heptral (6 mg/kg) as hepatoprotective compounds. It was found that betulonic acid amide stimulated the regenerative response in hepatocytes under conditions of combined toxic exposure and promoted recovery of their qualitative and quantitative characteristics, which was accompanied by a significant decrease in the severity of liver fibrosis and the absence of cirrhotic transformation of the liver.

Ultrastructure of hepatorenal cell populations in patients with HCV and HBV infection markers. Hepatorenal associations.

Hepatorenal cell populations were studied in patients with HCV and HBV infection markers and renal dysfunction. Pronounced mosaicism of ultrastructural changes in hepatocytes was associated with polymorphic cytopathic effects caused by RNA-genome hepatitis C virus and DNA-genome hepatitis B virus. The destructive component of the tubular compartment predominated in renal biopsy specimens from patients, with subsequent degeneration of the tubular epithelium associated with progressive interstitial fi brosis. Immunohistochemical studies detected HCV NS3Ag and HBcAg structural marker in the tubular epitheliocytes. An appreciable part of the structural and functional changes in the liver in patients with HCV and HBV infections was caused by the therapeutic complex, including programmed hemoperfusion.

Role of lipid infiltration of hepatocytes in the morphogenesis of chronic hepatitis C.

Immunohistochemical and PCR analysis of the structure of lipid-containing hepatocytes and replication of chronic hepatitis C viral particles revealed no positive correlation between the presence of HCV RNA in blood specimens, number of infected hepatocytes (by expression of HCV NS3Ag) with clinical biochemical parameters and intensity of structural changes in biopsy specimens. Small-vesicular subcytolemmal lipid infiltration of hepatocytes was detected, presumably associated with hepatitis C virus replication phase. Characteristic subcytolemmal location of the lipid droplets can reflect their involvement in virus transport from the cell and indicate a virus-induced nature of lipid metabolism disorders.

Vibration-induced pulmonary disease: transformation of the bronchial mucosal epithelium and endothelium.

Long-term vibration exposure of humans leads to development of manifest atrophy and structural mosaicism of the bronchial epithelium in the mucosa of the large bronchi (diffuse degeneration of multilamellar cylindrical epithelium, focal hyperplasia, and squamous cell metaplasia). The mucosal subepithelial stroma is characterized by sclerosis, hypoelastosis, and reduction of microvessels. Radioautography confirms the reduction of protein-producing activity of bronchial epitheliocytes and endotheliocytes.

Structural and functional features of lipid-containing hepatocytes in hepatitis C.

Pathomorphological studies of lipid-containing hepatocytes included in the system of major markers of hepatitis C showed that the phase of hepatitis C virus replication (PCR data) corresponds to subplasmalemmal microvesicular steatosis of hepatocytes.

Intracellular cholestasis in HCV and HBV infection.

Structural analysis of hepatocytes in liver biopsy specimens from patients with hepatitis C and C+B with intracellular cholestasis was carried out. Large foci of bile components in hepatocytes led to cell damage, eventuating in cell destruction and death. The cholestatic variant of mixed infection was characterized by destructive necrotic changes in hepatocytes and progressive fibrosis of the liver. Destruction of the hepatocyte cytoplasmic organelles was associated with high activity of the infectious process and pronounced cytolytic syndrome.

Changes in bone marrow and peripheral compartments of the erythron under the effect of tumor cells in indolent non-Hodgkin lymphomas and multiple myeloma.

Here we present the results of pathomorphological study of erythron cells from patients with indolent non-Hodgkin lymphomas and multiple myeloma. The revealed associations suggest that tumor cells can modulate the bone marrow and peripheral compartment of the erythron in lymphoproliferative diseases leading to quantitative and morphological changes in bone marrow erythrokaryocytes and peripheral blood erythrocytes. Clinical and pathomorphological markers of dyshemopoiesis associated with the presence of anemia were identified in indolent non-Hodgkin lymphomas. In multiple myeloma, a correlation between the parameters of bone marrow and peripheral compartments of the erythron and structural modifications of myeloma cells infiltrating the bone marrow was revealed.

Morphometric study of trephine biopsy specimens in aggressive and indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

Morphometric study of the erythroid stem was performed in aggressive and indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphomas vs. other cells and tissues of the bone marrow (including the tumor tissue) before chemotherapy. Hypoplasia and abnormal maturation of the erythroid stem were particularly pronounced in diffuse infiltration of the bone marrow, which did not depend on lymphoma aggressiveness. Hypoplasia of the erythroid stem was often observed during focal infiltration of the bone marrow with lymphoma cells (despite a smaller area of tumor tissue in aggressive lymphomas than in indolent lymphomas). A decrease in the relative area of adipose tissue, smooth resorption of bone tissue, and myelofibrosis are the major changes in the bone marrow microenvironment.

Effect of epithermal neutrons on viability of glioblastoma tumor cells in vitro.

We studied in vitro effect of epithermal neutrons in various doses on viability of glioblastoma U87 tumor cells. Increasing the dose from 1.9 to 4.1 Sv promoted cell death. Cytofluorimetric analysis revealed no activation of apoptosis in the irradiated cells, which attested to necrotic death of the tumor cells exposed to epithermal neutron radiation.

Ultrastructure of connective tissue of eye drainage system in ophthalmic hypertension associated with primary juvenile glaucoma.

In primary juvenile glaucoma, the connective tissue of the juxtacanalicular zone and sclera undergo constant reorganization because of incessant synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix components with pronounced fluctuations of electron density of collagen fibrils. Destructive changes in the perivascular nerve trunks were detected at all stages of the glaucoma process, including the initial stages: numerous large foci of cytoplasmic organelle destruction with the formation of autophagosomes and residual bodies predominated in the cytoplasm of myelinated axons of nerve cells.

67 stereotypes of structural modification of the urothelium in various diseases of the urinary bladder and prostate.

Structural modification of the urothelium was studied in various diseases of the urinary bladder and prostate, including urinary bladder cancer, vibration cystopathy, chronic prostatitis, benign prostate hyperplasia, and chronic cystitis. The general phenomena of changes in urinary bladder epithelium were atrophy, squamous metaplasia, and instability of the urothelium (focal atrophy, dysplasia, hyperplasia, and metaplasia). This phenomenon can be interpreted as a morphological marker for cancer risk.

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye.

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm's canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general.

Contribution of ovarian follicular tissue abnormalities into the development of ovarian dysfunction.

Ultrastructural, in vitro radioautographic, and stereological study of the morphogenesis of ovarian cystic formations in women of reproductive age distinguished ovariopathy as a common pathological phenomenon, developing as a result of the ovarian follicular cell regenerative and plastic insufficiency syndrome. Degenerative dystrophic changes in the follicular compartment, reduced biosynthetic reactions in the follicular cells, and reactive sclerosis of the stroma remodulate the parenchyma-stromal relationships.

Structural modifications of the bronchial epithelium in asthma.

A complex of structural changes in the parenchymatous and stromal compartments, characteristic of the primary degenerative process (bronchial epithelium degeneration and subsequent diffuse atrophy, reactive sclerosis of the stroma) develops in the large bronchi in asthma. Induction of the regeneratory reactions of the bronchial epithelium with synchronously developing reorganization of the stroma (loosening of the connective tissue and stimulation of its vascularization) is shown during correction of asthma. Association of positive structural changes with lymphoid tissue hyperplasia in the bronchial wall can be interpreted in the context of significant role of lymphocytes in induction of the regeneratory reactions.

Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study of hepatic stellate cells over the course of infectious viral fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver.

The dynamics of structural and functional changes in stellate cells in liver biopsy specimens (from lipid-containing to fibrogenous phenotype) was studied during the development of infectious viral fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver using ultrastructural, immunohistochemical, and morphometric methods. The priority role of stellate cells in the synthesis of extracellular matrix components is emphasized. Resorption of perihepatocellular collagen fibrils is associated with parenchymatous liver cells.

Structural and functional modification of hollow organs (urinary bladder and stomach) in vibration syndrome.

Exposure to total and local vibration leads to the formation of specific forms of hollow organ diseases: vibration cystopathy and gastropathy. Their characteristic signs are organ dysfunction, thinned wall, atrophy of the mucosa, reduction of the capillary bed, and degenerative atrophic changes in the epithelium, associated with reduction of the protein-producing function and focal metaplasia. Vibration cysto- and gastropathies are systemic manifestations of microangio- and visceropathies of vibration origin.

Ultrastructural changes in cells of the gastric and small intestinal mucosa during bronchial asthma.

The complex of structural changes in the gastroduodenal mucosa in patients with bronchial asthma is considered as a polyetiological primary degenerative process with progressive atrophy of the epithelium and formation of erosions. Ultrastructural signs included degenerative changes in the endothelium of microvessels and surface and glandular epithelium, which were accompanied by compensatory hyperfunction of intact mucus-producing cells, hyperplasia, and increased functional activity of mast and immunocompetent cells. The development of destructive and erosive lesions was associated with hyperplasia of parietal and endocrine cells in the mucosa. We evaluated the specific structural reactions clinically typical of bronchial asthma of different severity. The data are interpreted in terms of a relationship between pathological changes in the mucosa of different localization.

Chronic hepatitis C: modern notions of pathogenesis and morphogenesis. Concept of antiviral protection in hepatocytes.

Here we review modern notions about biological properties of hepatitis C virus, geographic distribution of its genotypes, peculiarities of immune reactions during chronic HCV infection, and role of viral replication in the infectious process. The concept of antiviral protection in liver parenchymal cells suggests suppression of biosynthetic reactions in hepatocytes resulting in inhibition of viral replication and focal degradation of the cytoplasm in infected cells followed by exocytosis and elimination of viral particles (cytosanation without cytodestruction). The recovery of structural characteristics in hepatocytes is associated with intracellular regeneration. Special accent is placed on reversibility of liver fibrosis in chronic HCV infection due to resorption of collagen fibers by hepatocytes. These data indicate that the therapy of liver fibrosis holds much promise.

Is replication of hepatitis C virus a marker of activity of infectious process? (Findings of polymerase chain reaction and morphological analysis of liver biopsy specimens).

Comparative study of replication markers of hepatitis C virus in various biological substrates and evaluation of activity of chronic HCV infection in liver biopsy specimens showed that replication of hepatitis C virus and the number of HCV-infected hepatocytes did not promote liver damage in chronic hepatitis C. These findings indicate that the expression of antiviral reactions by liver parenchyma cells plays the key role in the morphogenesis of HCV infection.