Recent antihyperglycemic prescribing trends for US privately insured patients with type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: The mid-1990s witnessed the introduction of new classes of medications to treat hyperglycemia of type 2 diabetes. There is evidence that these newer classes have found a place in the therapeutic armamentarium, but details of their use patterns are not known. We sought to determine whether antihyperglycemic prescribing patterns changed concurrently with new drug introductions, and whether such changes were related to changes in the underlying patient population. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A sample of U.S. privately insured patients with suspected type 2 diabetes was identified from the MarketScan Research Database over the period of 1997-2000. Patients with type 2 diabetes were identified among those continuously enrolled in the database for at least 1 year. Drug therapy episodes were defined by sequential fulfillment of prescriptions implying a continuous supply of a particular drug (or combination) of at least 30 days duration. Univariate analyses were used to explore trends over time in drug prescriptions and patient characteristics. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to isolate the impact of year from other variables on the likelihood of receiving prescriptions for a specific therapy. RESULTS: A total of 232,020 unique diabetic patients had an average of 1.91 diabetes drug therapy episodes between 1997 and 2000. Monotherapy with sulfonylureas decreased, but monotherapy with thiazolidinedione, metformin, and other oral antihyperglycemics increased over time. Combinations of sulfonylureas and metformin; sulfonylureas and thiazolidinedione; metformin and thiazolidinedione; and sulfonylureas, metformin, and thiazolidinedione each increased over the time interval. Insulin monotherapy decreased, as did insulin combination therapy with sulfonylureas. The combination of insulin and metformin increased, whereas insulin and thiazolidinedione was stable. The influence of year on prescribing patterns remained highly significant (P < 0.001) after adjusting for patient characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Antihyperglycemic prescription patterns in the U.S. have changed in recent years in parallel with, and probably as a direct result of, the introduction of different classes of medications to the marketplace. Overall, the prescribing trend has been away from monotherapy with insulins and sulfonylureas and toward combination therapies, presumably in attempts to reduce hypoglycemic symptoms and to achieve better glucose control.

Health care costs of allergic rhinitis-associated conditions vary with allergy season.

BACKGROUND: Studies have documented how allergic respiratory symptoms vary with allergen levels, but the impact of allergen levels on health care expenditures for allergy-related conditions has never been shown using actual data on outdoor allergen levels. Evidence linking respiratory allergy to comorbid conditions has also been scanty. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the link between respiratory allergy and presumably associated conditions by documenting seasonal patterns in their severity and co-occurrence, and to suggest a plan for future research. METHODS: A retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of medical claims data from 1995 to 1996 were linked to monthly data from federal counting stations on outdoor allergen levels. Participants were employed persons and their dependents, living within 15 miles of an allergen-counting station, continuously enrolled in a health plan for 1995 and 1996, and identified through medical claims data as having asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR), migraines, sinusitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, depression, or anxiety disorder. RESULTS: All conditions studied were more likely to occur during allergy season than during nonallergy season. For persons with health care claims for a condition of interest in both seasons, total health care costs during allergy season were significantly higher than during nonallergy season. Predicted condition-related expenditures were higher in allergy season for every condition even after controlling for the effect of AR. CONCLUSION: Allergy effects appear to extend beyond AR symptoms. Other conditions may be affected by outdoor allergen levels even in the absence of AR symptoms, implying that these conditions may be etiologically related to allergy, irrespective of their co-existence with allergic rhinitis, further implying that allergic sensitization can independently affect different parts of the respiratory tract as well as the brain.