Discordance in interpretation of chest radiographs between pediatric intensivists and a radiologist: impact on patient management.

PURPOSE: When radiologists are not available, chest radiographs (CXRs) of pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patients are commonly interpreted by pediatric intensivists. We prospectively investigated the frequency of errors in CXR interpretation by pediatric intensivists and their impact on patient management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chest radiographs of PICU patients were evaluated by 5 pediatric intensivists then by a pediatric radiologist (the "gold standard"). If the interpretation of the radiologist and intensivist differed, an independent intensivist determined whether a management change took place. A pediatric pulmonologist determined how many intensivist interpretations were different from the radiologist's interpretations. RESULTS: Seven hundred twenty-eight radiographic findings were identified by the radiologist in 460 CXRs. There were 33 interpretation errors by the intensivists (4.5% of the findings in 7.1% of the CXRs). Only 3/33 error corrections (0.45% of the findings in 0.7% of the CXRs) resulted in change in patient management. CONCLUSIONS: Errors in interpretation of CXRs by pediatric intensivists were common but less than that in other series, probably because of education of the pediatric intensivists through daily rounds with the radiologist. Although interpretation errors that affected patient management were rare, their clinical importance supports the growing practice of 24/7 remote radiograph reading by radiologists.

Safety and immunogenicity of a prototype enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli vaccine administered transcutaneously.

Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) is a new method for vaccine delivery that has been shown to induce immunity relevant to enteric disease vaccines. We evaluated the clinical safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant subunit vaccine against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) delivered by TCI. Adult volunteers received patches containing the recombinant ETEC colonization factor CS6, either with heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) or patches containing CS6 alone. The vaccine was administered at 0, 1, and 3 months, and serum antibodies and antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) were assessed. Among the 26 volunteers that completed the trial, there were no responses to CS6 in the absence of LT. In the groups receiving both CS6 and LT, 68 and 53% were found to have serum anti-CS6 immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA, respectively; 37 and 42% had IgG and IgA anti-CS6 ASCs. All of the volunteers receiving LT had anti-LT IgG, and 90% had serum anti-LT IgA; 79 and 37% had anti-LT IgG and IgA ASCs. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), suggesting T-cell responses, was seen in 14 of 19 volunteers receiving LT and CS6; no DTH was seen in subjects receiving CS6 alone. This study demonstrated that protein antigens delivered by a simple patch could induce significant systemic immune responses but only in the presence of an adjuvant such as LT. The data suggest that an ETEC vaccine for travelers delivered by a patch may be a viable approach worthy of further evaluation.