Laryngeal Neuropathy in Adult Goats With Copper Deficiency.

The aim of this study was to elucidate the cause of a neurological syndrome characterized by stridor in adult goats with clinical signs of copper deficiency. The main clinical signs consisted of apathy, emaciation, pale mucous membranes, mucous nasal discharge, dyspnea, severe achromotrichia, diffuse alopecia, torpor, ataxia, and stridor. When the goats were forced to move, the stridor increased. In a herd of 194 Toggenburg goats, 10 adult goats with clinical signs of copper deficiency were removed from the herd and divided into 2 groups: group 1, which consisted of 4 nannies and 1 buck with stridor, and group 2, which consisted of 4 nannies and 1 buck without stridor. Group 3, used as a control, consisted of 5 adult goats from another flock without any clinical signs of disease. The mean serum copper concentrations were 1.3 ± 0.3 µmol/L in group 1, 8.1 ± 1.1 µmol/L in group 2, and 11.3 ± 2.2 µmol/L in group 3. The mean serum iron concentrations were 42.3 ± 14.2 µmol/L in group 1, 39.1 ± 8.2 µmol/L in group 2, and 20.6 ± 6.1 µmol/L in group 3. The main histological lesions in goats from group 1 were axonal degeneration of the recurrent laryngeal nerves and atrophy of the muscles of vocal folds and of the dorsal cricoarytenoid and right and left cricothyroid muscles. Goats with ataxia had neuronal degeneration and necrosis of cerebellar Purkinje cells and of the cranial cervical ganglion. We concluded that the stridor was caused by axonal degeneration of the recurrent laryngeal nerves due to the severe copper deficiency.

Endotoxin-induced enteric hypomotility in jaundiced loops in vitro.

Biliary obstruction may be accompanied by systemic endotoxemia due to increased growth of enteric microbiota and failure of hepatic clearance mechanisms. This endotoxemia is related to increased postoperative morbidity and mortality. An increased growth of the aerobic flora has been demonstrated experimentally in the presence of biliary obstruction, and in previous studies we observed intestinal hypomotility of jaundiced loops in vitro. To determine the ileal motor response in the presence of jaundice caused by biliary obstruction and in the presence of endotoxemia, an in vitro study was carried out on ileal segments from 10 female Holtzman rats, 2-3 months old, weighing 200 to 300 g, divided into two groups (N = 5); A, washed loops of jaundiced rats, and B, washed loops of jaundiced rats to which endotoxin was added. On the seventh postoperative day, we evaluated the effect of exogenous endotoxin (E. coli 0111:B4, Sigma) on the motor response to acetylcholine of distal ileal segments isolated from both animal groups. A 4-cm ileal segment, located 10 cm from the ileal papilla, was removed and studied in an organ chamber in order to assess dose-response curves to acetylcholine. There was an increase in threshold dose in jaundiced loops with intraluminally injected endotoxin when compared with the loops without intraluminal endotoxin (291 +/- 188 vs 8.5 +/- 6.7 microM, P < 0.05). The maximum contraction was reduced in jaundiced loops with intraluminal endotoxin in relation to control loops (5.3 +/- 1.7 vs 18.7 +/- 4.8 mm, P < 0.05), and pD2 was also reduced in jaundiced loops with intraluminal endotoxin in relation to control loops (2.4 +/- 0.6 vs 3.7 +/- 0.5, P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference between jaundiced loops with and without intraluminal endotoxin when the maximal contraction doses were compared (86 +/- 66 vs 48 +/- 22 mM, P > 0.05). These results demonstrate that intraluminal endotoxin depressed enteric motility in jaundiced rats.

Endotoxin-induced enteric hypomotility in jaundiced loops in vitro

Biliary obstruction may be accompanied by systemic endotoxemia due to increased growth of enteric microbiota and failure of hepatic clearance mechanisms. This endotoxemia is related to increased postoperative morbidity and mortality. An increased growth of the aerobic flora has been demonstrated experimentally in the presence of biliary obstruction, and in previous studies we observed intestinal hypomotility of jaundiced loops in vitro. To determine the ileal motor response in the presence of jaundice caused by biliary obstruction and in the presence of endotoxemia, an in vitro study was carried out on ileal segments from 10 female Holtzman rats, 2-3 months old, weighing 200 to 300 g, divided into two groups (N = 5): A, washed loops of jaundiced rats, and B, washed loops of jaundiced rats to which endotoxin was added. On the seventh postoperative day, we evaluated the effect of exogenous endotoxin (E. coli 0111:B4, Sigma) on the motor response to acetylcholine of distal ileal segments isolated from both animal groups. A 4-cm ileal segment, located 10 cm from the ileal papilla, was removed and studied in an organ chamber in order to assess dose-response curves to acetylcholine. There was an increase in threshold dose in jaundiced loops with intraluminally injected endotoxin when compared with the loops without intraluminal endotoxin (291 + 188 vs 8.5 + 6.7 muM, P<0.05). The maximum contraction was reduced in jaundiced loops with intraluminal endotoxin in relation to control loops (5.3 + 1.7 vs 18.7 + 4.8 mm, P<0.05), and pD2 was also reduced in jaundiced loops with intraluminal endotoxin in relation to control loops (2.4 + 0.6 vs 3.7 + 0.5, P<0.05). There was no statistical difference between jaundiced loops with and without intraluminal endotoxin when the maximal contraction doses were compared (86 + 66 vs 48 + 22 mM, P>0.05). These results demonstrate that intraluminal endotoxin depressed enteric motility in jaundiced rats.

Influência dos sais biliares na resposta motora de alças isoladas a acetilcolina, em ratos / Influence of bile salts on the motor response of isolated ileum to acetylcholine, in rats

A ausência de sais biliares na luz intestinal de pacientes com obstruçao biliar tem sido relacionada ao aumento da flora intestinal e maior produçao de endotoxinas, podendo provocar endotoxemia sistêmica. Entretanto, esses sais têm pequena açao sobre a flora aeróbia e facultativa, que pode estar aumentada por alteraçoes motoras intestinais. Objetivo. Avaliar a resposta motora intestinal na obstruçao biliar em presença de sais biliares. Métodos. Estudaram-se in vitro segmentos ileais de 30 ratos Hotzman do sexo feminino divididos em três grupos (n=10): alça lavada; uso de bile intraluminar e uso de sais biliares exógenos por via oral, durante seis dias. Em cada grupo, cinco animais foram submetidos somente a laparotomia, enquanto cinco outros ratos foram submetidos a ligadura do ducto biliar comum. No sétimo dia pós-operatório, retirou-se um segmento ileal de aproximadamente quatro centrímetros, distantes dez centrímetros da papila ileocecal, e que foi estudado por meio de curva dose-resposta a acetilcolina em banho para órgaos isolados. Resultados. Os resultados obtidos mostraram aumento significativo da afinidade pela acetilcolina no grupo com bile intraluminar. Conclusao. A bile intraluminar, aparentemente, exerce efeito modular positivo sobre a motilidade ileal in vitro.

[Influence of bile salts on the motor response of isolated ileum to acetylcholine, in rats]. / Influência dos sais biliares na resposta motora de alças isoladas à acetilcolina, em ratos.

UNLABELLED: Absence of bile salts in the intestinal lumen of jaundiced patients is associated to bacterial overgrowth and systemic endotoxemia. These bile salts, however, did not show significant influence on aerobic and facultative intestinal bacteria. The increasing bacterial colonization may be due to depressed intestinal motor response. PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of bile salts on intestinal motor response in presence of obstructive jaundice. METHODS: We studied in vitro the motor response of ileal segments of 30 Holtzman rats divided into three groups (n = 10): washed ileum, intraluminal bile salts and exogenous oral bile salts administred during six days. Five animals of each group were submitted to sham operation and the other five were submitted to ligation and section of the common bile duct. A four centimeter ileal segment was isolated and studied through a dose-response assay with acetylcholine in an organ chamber. RESULTS: The results showed an increased ileal affinity to acetylcholine in presence of intraluminal bile salts. CONCLUSION: The intraluminal bile salts appear to exert in vitro a stimulatory effect on ileal motility.

Avaliacao da correcao do pe torto congenito pela tecnica de Turco. / Evaluation of repair of equinovarus club foot by Turco's technic

Os autores mostram, neste trabalho, revisao de 34 pes tortos congenitos operados pela tecnica de Turco. Modificacoes a tecnica original foram usadas (incisao em zigue-zaque, fio de aco passando sobre o calcaneo), com resultados superiores aos da tecnica descrita por Turco em 1971. O seguimento pos-operatorio variou de 4 meses a 10 anos, com media de 3 anos e 3 meses. Os resultados se basearam em avaliacao subjetiva, clinica e radiologica. Esses resultados, de forma geral, foram bons na maioria dos casos, notando-se superioridade na correcao das deformidades em pacientes operados entre o 1o. e 2o. anos de vida