ABSTRACT
The visual system of women changes during pregnancy. Few reports have addressed the effects of pregnancy on color vision. We aimed to compare the color vision of women in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy. Fifty women were divided into first (n=10), second (n=10), third trimester pregnancy groups (n=10), and non-pregnant group (n=20). We used the Farnsworth D15 and Lanthony desaturated D15 (D15d) tests. The hue ordering quantified the amount of error (C-index) and the chromatic selectivity of the errors (S-index). Bland-Altman analysis was applied to the hue ordering data. No difference was found for Farnsworth D15 test results obtained from the pregnant groups and the non-pregnant group (P<0.0083). For the Lanthony D15 desaturated test, the third trimester pregnant group had higher C-index and S-index than non-pregnant women and first-trimester pregnant women (P<0.0083). The Bland-Altman analysis showed that the limits of agreement increased as pregnancy advanced, and the errors were biased to the D15d test. In this study, color vision was impaired during pregnancy. Color vision evaluation could be used as an indicator of the functional status of the central vision during pregnancy.
Subject(s)
Color Perception , Color Vision , Vision Tests/methods , Adult , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications , Pregnancy Trimester, First , Pregnancy Trimester, Second , Pregnancy Trimester, ThirdABSTRACT
The visual system of women changes during pregnancy. Few reports have addressed the effects of pregnancy on color vision. We aimed to compare the color vision of women in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy. Fifty women were divided into first (n=10), second (n=10), third trimester pregnancy groups (n=10), and non-pregnant group (n=20). We used the Farnsworth D15 and Lanthony desaturated D15 (D15d) tests. The hue ordering quantified the amount of error (C-index) and the chromatic selectivity of the errors (S-index). Bland-Altman analysis was applied to the hue ordering data. No difference was found for Farnsworth D15 test results obtained from the pregnant groups and the non-pregnant group (P<0.0083). For the Lanthony D15 desaturated test, the third trimester pregnant group had higher C-index and S-index than non-pregnant women and first-trimester pregnant women (P<0.0083). The Bland-Altman analysis showed that the limits of agreement increased as pregnancy advanced, and the errors were biased to the D15d test. In this study, color vision was impaired during pregnancy. Color vision evaluation could be used as an indicator of the functional status of the central vision during pregnancy.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adult , Vision Tests/methods , Color Perception , Color Vision , Pregnancy Complications , Pregnancy Trimester, Second , Pregnancy Trimester, Third , Pregnancy Trimester, FirstABSTRACT
O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o valor nutricional e energético da torta de mamona destoxificada por diferentes métodos para suínos em crescimento. Foram utilizados 24 suínos machos, castrados, distribuídos em seis tratamentos, sendo uma ração referência e cinco rações testes (75% da dieta referência e 25% das tortas de mamona) contendo a torta de mamona destoxificada pelos métodos do hidróxido de cálcio, da autoclavagem, do hidróxido de cálcio+ensilagem, da autoclavagem+ensilagem e da extrusão. As tortas de mamona submetidas aos processos de destoxificação com hidróxido de cálcio e autoclavagem resultaram em maior teor de proteína digestível. Para o valor de energia metabolizável, os processos de destoxificação com hidróxido de cálcio, autoclavagem, hidróxido de cálcio+ensilagem e extrusão não diferiram entre si. Considerando-se a valoração nutricional e energética da torta de mamona por meio dos processos de destoxificação, os métodos com uso de hidróxido de cálcio e autoclavagem são os mais eficientes.(AU)
The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional and energy value of castor bean cake detoxified by different methods for growing pigs. A total of 24 barrows was distributed in six treatments, being in a reference diet and 5 test diets (75% of the reference diet and 25% of castor beam cake) containing castor bean cake detoxified by the method of calcium hydroxide, autoclaving, calcium hydroxide + silage, autoclaving + silage and extrusion. Castor bean cake subjected to detoxification processes with calcium hydroxide and autoclaving resulted in higher content of digestible protein. For the metabolizable energy value, the process of detoxification with calcium hydroxide, autoclaving, calcium hydroxide+silage, and extrusion did not differ. Considering the nutritional and energy valuation of castor bean cake detoxified by different procedures, the methods using calcium hydroxide and autoclaving were the most efficient.
Subject(s)
Animals , Ricinus/toxicity , Swine/growth & development , Swine/metabolism , Nutritive ValueABSTRACT
Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a long-term severe complication of antipsychotic treatment, with mean prevalence of 20-35%. The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of clozapine in severe TD. In an open trial seven patients with schizophrenia and severe TD were given clozapine for 6 months. Tardive dyskinesia severity was evaluated with AIMS and ESRS and schizophrenic psychopathology with PANSS. Clozapine mean dose at the end of the study was 392.86 mg/day. A mean reduction of 52% was observed in ESRS scores for TD. Two patients also had dystonic movements, and there was 50% reduction in one of them and complete remission in the other. There was also a 27% mean reduction in PANSS scores. Clozapine seems to be an alternative in the treatment of schizophrenic patients with severe TD.
Subject(s)
Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use , Clozapine/therapeutic use , Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/drug therapy , Schizophrenia/drug therapy , Adolescent , Adult , Antipsychotic Agents/administration & dosage , Antipsychotic Agents/adverse effects , Clozapine/administration & dosage , Clozapine/adverse effects , Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/complications , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Schizophrenia/complicationsABSTRACT
Using a somatosensory version of the oddball-paradigma the influence of age and gender on the P300-component and the comparison of the potential after stimulation of the right and left median nerve was studied in 30 healthy right handed volunteers (age: 20-35 years). Latency, amplitude, area and duration of the P300-potential were analysed. No relationship between age, gender and the P300-parameters were observed. The amplitude and the area of the potential obtained from the F3 electrode were greater after stimulation of the right median nerve compared to the potential after stimulation of the left median nerve. All other results were not significantly different. Strong positive correlations between the results after stimulation of the right and left median nerve were observed. These results showed that by a young group of volunteers age and gender did not influence the P300-component. Although the P300-Parameters had a between-subject variability, their mean remained constant over the study, their correlation coefficients were strong positive and the side of stimulation did not influence them (except for the electrode F3).
Subject(s)
Arousal/physiology , Attention/physiology , Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory , Motivation/physiology , Somatosensory Cortex/physiology , Adult , Afferent Pathways/physiology , Female , Humans , Male , Median Nerve/physiology , Reaction Time/physiology , Reference Values , Synaptic TransmissionABSTRACT
In a fixed-dose, double-blind study, the clinical response of schizophrenic patients to a high (0.40 mg/kg) or a low (0.15 mg/kg) dose of haloperidol (HL) was compared. The relationship between HL steady-state plasma levels and clinical improvement was examined. The utility of HL plasma level after a single test dose (0.05 mg/kg) in predicting the clinical response to treatment was evaluated. No difference in clinical improvement was observed between the two groups as a whole, although the high-dose group had a faster initial improvement. The high-dose group showed more extrapyramidal effects during treatment. No relationship was found between HL steady-state levels and clinical improvement. For the low-dose group, HL plasma level after the test dose was significantly positively correlated with the improvement after eight days of treatment. The test dose HL plasma level was no predictor of the clinical response to treatment in the high-dose group. The possibility of predicting the clinical response of schizophrenic patients to treatment from the plasma level after a test dose is still an open question that requires further studies.
