ABSTRACT
Malan syndrome is an overgrowth disorder described in a limited number of individuals. We aim to delineate the entity by studying a large group of affected individuals. We gathered data on 45 affected individuals with a molecularly confirmed diagnosis through an international collaboration and compared data to the 35 previously reported individuals. Results indicate that height is > 2 SDS in infancy and childhood but in only half of affected adults. Cardinal facial characteristics include long, triangular face, macrocephaly, prominent forehead, everted lower lip, and prominent chin. Intellectual disability is universally present, behaviorally anxiety is characteristic. Malan syndrome is caused by deletions or point mutations of NFIX clustered mostly in exon 2. There is no genotype-phenotype correlation except for an increased risk for epilepsy with 19p13.2 microdeletions. Variants arose de novo, except in one family in which mother was mosaic. Variants causing Malan and Marshall-Smith syndrome can be discerned by differences in the site of stop codon formation. We conclude that Malan syndrome has a well recognizable phenotype that usually can be discerned easily from Marshall-Smith syndrome but rarely there is some overlap. Differentiation from Sotos and Weaver syndrome can be made by clinical evaluation only.
Subject(s)
Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics , Congenital Hypothyroidism/genetics , Craniofacial Abnormalities/genetics , Hand Deformities, Congenital/genetics , Intellectual Disability/genetics , NFI Transcription Factors/genetics , Sotos Syndrome/genetics , Abnormalities, Multiple/physiopathology , Adolescent , Adult , Bone Diseases, Developmental/genetics , Bone Diseases, Developmental/physiopathology , Child , Child, Preschool , Chromosome Deletion , Congenital Hypothyroidism/physiopathology , Craniofacial Abnormalities/physiopathology , Developmental Disabilities/genetics , Developmental Disabilities/physiopathology , Exons/genetics , Female , Hand Deformities, Congenital/physiopathology , Humans , Intellectual Disability/physiopathology , Male , Megalencephaly/genetics , Megalencephaly/physiopathology , Mutation, Missense/genetics , Phenotype , Septo-Optic Dysplasia/genetics , Septo-Optic Dysplasia/physiopathology , Sotos Syndrome/physiopathology , Young AdultABSTRACT
Marshall-Smith syndrome (MSS) is a very rare malformation syndrome characterized by typical craniofacial anomalies, abnormal osseous maturation, developmental delay, failure to thrive, and respiratory difficulties. Mutations in the nuclear factor 1/X gene (NFIX) were recently identified as the cause of MSS. In our study cohort of 17 patients with a clinical diagnosis of MSS, conventional sequencing of NFIX revealed frameshift and splice-site mutations in 10 individuals. Using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis, we identified a recurrent deletion of NFIX exon 6 and 7 in five individuals. We demonstrate this recurrent deletion is the product of a recombination between AluY elements located in intron 5 and 7. Two other patients had smaller deletions affecting exon 6. These findings show that MSS is a genetically homogeneous Mendelian disorder. RT-PCR experiments with newly identified NFIX mutations including the recurrent exon 6 and 7 deletion confirmed previous findings indicating that MSS-associated mutant mRNAs are not cleared by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Predicted MSS-associated mutant NFIX proteins consistently have a preserved DNA binding and dimerization domain, whereas they grossly vary in their C-terminal portion. This is in line with the hypothesis that MSS-associated mutations encode dysfunctional proteins that act in a dominant negative manner.
