ABSTRACT
The transient worsening of oral health sometimes accompanies orthodontic treatment (OT), and the extent of this effect might depend on whether the patients are treated with traditional brackets or clear aligners. Saliva is an important tool for monitoring oral health and influences the functional properties of various oral cells. This study aimed to compare the effects of saliva from patients undergoing OT with Invisalign aligners and brackets on human gingival fibroblasts and oral epithelial cells in vitro. Unstimulated saliva was collected from 15 patients treated with Invisalign and 16 patients treated with brackets before and 3 and 6 months after therapy began. The saliva was used to stimulate primary human gingival fibroblasts and the oral epithelial Ca9-22 cell line, and the resulting cell response was investigated. Saliva did not exhibit any toxic effect on investigated cells, as shown by the proliferation/viability assay with the MTT method. In human gingival fibroblasts, saliva increased gene expression of various proinflammatory mediators, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, assessed by qPCR. In epithelial cells, saliva increased the production of IL-8 measured by ELISA and decreased gene expression of various proteins involved in the barrier function. During the therapy, the saliva-induced production of IL-8 tended to be decreased, and the saliva-induced decrease in the expression of barrier protein was partially improved. No difference between aligners and brackets was observed in either cell type. Saliva affects the functional properties of oral cells, but this effect is not influenced by the type of OT.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Gingival clefts (GCs) develop frequently during orthodontic space closure and may compromise the treatment outcome. This study assessed whether the time-point of orthodontic space closure initiation, after permanent tooth extraction, affects the incidence of GC. METHODS: In 25 patients requiring bilateral premolar extraction because of orthodontic reasons, one premolar, chosen at random, was extracted 8 weeks before space closure initiation ("delayed movement," DM), whereas the contralateral premolar was extracted 1 week before ("early movement," EM) ("treatment group"). Presence or absence of GC after 3 and 6 months ("time-point") was recorded and any association with various parameters (i.e., treatment group, time-point, gender, jaw, craniofacial growth, gingival biotype, buccal bone dehiscence after extraction, space closure) was statistically assessed. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients contributing with 26 jaws were finally included in the analysis. Overall, GCs were frequent after 3 (DM: 53.9%; EM: 69.2%) and 6 months (DM: 76.9%; EM: 88.5%). EM (P = 0.014) and larger space closure within the study period (P = 0.001) resulted in a significantly higher incidence of GC. Further, there was a tendency for GC development in the presence of buccal bone dehiscence (P = 0.052) and thin gingival biotype (P = 0.054). "Fast movers" (herein cases with a tooth movement ≥1 mm per month) developed a GC in >90% of the cases already after 3 months. "Slow movers" developed a GC in 25% and 70% after 3 months and final evaluation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: GC development is a frequent finding during orthodontic space closure and seems to occur more frequently with early tooth movement initiation and in "fast movers."
