ABSTRACT
The Baltic Sea suffers from extensive blooms of the toxic cyanobacteria Nodularia spumigena that produces nodularin toxin (NOD). Additionally, intensification of oil transportation and related activities in the area increase the risk of oil spills. The current experiment was designed to mimic a situation where an oil spill occurs during a cyanobacterial bloom by exposing the amphipod Gammarus oceanicus to a NOD-rich cyanobacterial extract and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compound benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a common constituent of oil. The activity of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were examined after 48 and 96 h of exposure. Exposure to low and high levels of the NOD-rich extract produced a time-dependent activation of GST, GPx and SOD. CAT levels were elevated only by high NOD treatment. Also the toxicity of B[a]P was indicated by significantly elevated antioxidant response. In the combined exposures treatment-dependent additive increases in the activity of GPx and SOD were observed as well as inhibitory (antagonistic) effects on GST, CAT and GPx. Rapid concentration-dependent accumulation of NOD by G. oceanicus was observed. The addition of B[a]P reduced the accumulation of NOD and resulted in different biomarker response patterns compared to single exposures demonstrating the effects of mixture toxicity.
