Complementary feeding, consumption of industrialized foods and nutritional status of children under 3 years old in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2016: a descriptive study. / Alimentação complementar, consumo de alimentos industrializados e estado nutricional de crianças menores de 3 anos em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2016: um estudo descritivo.

OBJECTIVE: to verify how and when complementary feeding (CF) begins, its profile, consumption of processed foods and nutritional status of children aged 1-3 years. METHODS: children enrolled at public schools in Pelotas, RS, Brazil, were evaluated; length/height-for-age and weight-for-age scores, and body mass index (BMI)/age were used, and a structured questionnaire was administered to parents/caregivers; CF was considered early when started before the age of six months; data were presented in a descriptive way. RESULTS: 79 children were evaluated, of whom 13 were overweight and 6 obese; 11 had high weight-for-age; mean age for beginning CF was 5.3 months; when aged <6 months, 43% received gelatin, and 12.7% juice from cartons; when aged 6-24 months, 96.2% received filled biscuits and 91.1% salty snacks. CONCLUSION: CF and consumption of processed foods began early; obesity and overweight were more prevalent than malnutrition.

Alimentação complementar, consumo de alimentos industrializados e estado nutricional de crianças menores de 3 anos em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2016: um estudo descritivo / Alimentación complementaria, consumo de alimentos industrializados y estado nutricional de niños menores de 3 años en Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2016: un estudio descriptivo / Complementary feeding, consumption of industrialized foods and nutritional status of children under 3 years old in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2016: a descriptive study

Objetivo: verificar como e quando a alimentação complementar (AC) se inicia, seu perfil, o consumo de industrializados e o estado nutricional de crianças de 1-3 anos. Métodos: foram avaliadas crianças matriculadas em escolas públicas de Pelotas, RS, Brasil; utilizaram-se os indicadores de estatura/idade, peso/idade e índice de massa corporal (IMC)/idade. Um questionário estruturado aplicado aos pais/cuidadores. A AC foi considerada precoce quando iniciada antes dos 6 meses. Os dados foram apresentados de forma descritiva. Resultados: 79 crianças foram avaliadas, 13 apresentaram sobrepeso e 6 obesidade; 11 acusaram peso elevado para a idade. A média para início da AC foi de 5,3 meses. Enquanto menores de 6 meses, 43% receberam gelatina e 12,7% suco de caixinha; quando na idade de 6-24 meses, 96,2% receberam biscoito recheado e 91,1% salgadinho. Conclusão: a AC e o consumo de alimentos industrializados iniciaram-se precocemente; obesidade e sobrepeso foram mais prevalentes que desnutrição.

Objetivo: evaluar como y cuando comienza la alimentación complementaria (AC), su perfil, consumo de alimentos procesados y estado nutricional de niños de 1-3 años. Métodos: se evaluaron niños matriculados en escuelas públicas de Pelotas, RS, Brasil; se utilizaron los índices de longitud/estatura/edad, peso/edad e índice de masa corporal (IMC)/edad, y un cuestionario estructurado aplicado a los padres/cuidadores; la AC fue considerada precoz cuando empezó antes de los seis meses; los datos se presentaron de modo descriptivo. Resultados: 79 niños fueron evaluados, 13 presentaron sobrepeso y 6 obesidad; 11 presentaron peso elevado para la edad; el promedio para el inicio de la AC fue de 5,3 meses; en cuanto a menores de 6 meses, 43% recibieron gelatina y 12,7% jugo de caja; a los 6-24 meses, 96,2% recibieron galletitas rellenas y 91,1% snacks salados. Conclusión: la AC y el consumo de alimentos industrializados comenzaron precozmente; obesidad y sobrepeso fueron más prevalentes que la desnutrición.

Objective: to verify how and when complementary feeding (CF) begins, its profile, consumption of processed foods and nutritional status of children aged 1-3 years. Methods: children enrolled at public schools in Pelotas, RS, Brazil, were evaluated; length/height-for-age and weight-for-age scores, and body mass index (BMI)/age were used, and a structured questionnaire was administered to parents/caregivers; CF was considered early when started before the age of six months; data were presented in a descriptive way. Results: 79 children were evaluated, of whom 13 were overweight and 6 obese; 11 had high weight-for-age; mean age for beginning CF was 5.3 months; when aged <6 months, 43% received gelatin, and 12.7% juice from cartons; when aged 6-24 months, 96.2% received filled biscuits and 91.1% salty snacks. Conclusion: CF and consumption of processed foods began early; obesity and overweight were more prevalent than malnutrition.

Sweet taste of saccharin induces weight gain without increasing caloric intake, not related to insulin-resistance in Wistar rats.

In a previous study, we showed that saccharin can induce weight gain when compared with sucrose in Wistar rats despite similar total caloric intake. We now question whether it could be due to the sweet taste of saccharin per se. We also aimed to address if this weight gain is associated with insulin-resistance and to increases in gut peptides such as leptin and PYY in the fasting state. In a 14 week experiment, 16 male Wistar rats received either saccharin-sweetened yogurt or non-sweetened yogurt daily in addition to chow and water ad lib. We measured daily food intake and weight gain weekly. At the end of the experiment, we evaluated fasting leptin, glucose, insulin, PYY and determined insulin resistance through HOMA-IR. Cumulative weight gain and food intake were evaluated through linear mixed models. Results showed that saccharin induced greater weight gain when compared with non-sweetened control (p = 0.027) despite a similar total caloric intake. There were no differences in HOMA-IR, fasting leptin or PYY levels between groups. We conclude that saccharin sweet taste can induce mild weight gain in Wistar rats without increasing total caloric intake. This weight gain was not related with insulin-resistance nor changes in fasting leptin or PYY in Wistar rats.

Músculo adutor do polegar como ferramenta de avaliação nutricional em pacientes portadores do vírus da imunodeficiência humana / The thickness of the adductor pollicis muscle as a nutrition assessment tool in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus

Introdução: Desnutrição é frequente em pacientes portadores do HIV e está associada a pior prognóstico clínico. A espessura do músculo adutor do polegar (EMAP) é uma ferramenta de fácil e rápida aplicação, e parece estar correlacionada com medidas antropométricas. Objetivo: Avaliar a medida da EMAP para diagnosticar desnutrição em pacientes portadores do HIV. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado em pacientes adultos portadores do HIV, atendidos no serviço de emergência de um hospital. Foram realizadas avaliação antropométrica (circunferência braquial, dobra tricipital, peso atual e altura), avaliação subjetiva global e medida da EMAP. Resultados: Foram incluídos 48 pacientes, com média de idade de 43 ± 11,16 anos, sendo 27 pacientes (56,25%) do sexo feminino. A média da EMAP foi de 9,57 ± 4,71 mm para mão direita e de 8,96 ± 3,52 mm para mão esquerda, sem diferença entre elas (p = 0,615). Coeficientes de correlação positivos (p < 0,01) foram observados somente para a espessura do músculo adutor do polegar esquerda em relação aos parâmetros antropométricos. A EMAP esquerda dos pacientes classificados como bem nutridos, através da avaliação subjetiva global, foi maior em comparação aos classificados como desnutridos (p = 0,02). Valores maiores que 11,13 mm para medida da EMAP direita e 10,08 mm para a esquerda apresentaram sensibilidade de 50% e especificidade de 93,1% e 79,3%, respectivamente, para identificação de eutrofia, segundo análise da curva ROC (AUC = 0,651 e 0,670, respectivamente). Conclusão: A EMAP esquerda pode ser utilizada para identificação do estado nutricional de pacientes portadores do HIV, atendidos em serviços de emergência (AU)

Introduction: Malnutrition is common in HIV-infected patients and is associated with a poor clinical prognosis. The thickness of the adductor pollicis muscle (TAPM) is a fast and easy tool and has a good correlation with anthropometrics measures. Objective: To evaluate the use of TAPM to diagnose malnutrition in HIV-infected patients. Methods: Cross-sectional study with adult HIV-infected patients treated in the emergency department of a hospital. Anthropometric assessment (measurement of arm circumference, triceps skinfold, weight and height), subjective global assessment, and measurement of the TAPM were performed. Results: Forty-eight patients were included. The mean age was 43 ± 11.16 years old and 27 patients (56.25%) were females. The mean TAPM was 9.57 ± 4.71 mm for the right hand and 8.96 ± 3.52 mm for the left hand, with no difference between them (p = 0.615). A positive correlation (p < 0.01) was observed only for the TAPM of the left hand in relation to the anthropometric parameters. The TAPM of the left hand of patients classified as well-nourished by subjective global assessment was higher compared with that of those classified as malnourished (p = 0.02). The ROC curve analysis showed a value of TAPM for the right hand of 11.13 mm and 10.08 mm for the left hand as a cutoff for excluding malnutrition diagnosis. Conclusion: The TAPM for the left hand can be used as anthropometric parameter in the identification of the nutritional status of HIV-infected patients treated in emergency services (AU)

Saccharin and aspartame, compared with sucrose, induce greater weight gain in adult Wistar rats, at similar total caloric intake levels.

It has been suggested that the use of nonnutritive sweeteners (NNSs) can lead to weight gain, but evidence regarding their real effect in body weight and satiety is still inconclusive. Using a rat model, the present study compares the effect of saccharin and aspartame to sucrose in body weight gain and in caloric intake. Twenty-nine male Wistar rats received plain yogurt sweetened with 20% sucrose, 0.3% sodium saccharin or 0.4% aspartame, in addition to chow and water ad libitum, while physical activity was restrained. Measurements of cumulative body weight gain, total caloric intake, caloric intake of chow and caloric intake of sweetened yogurt were performed weekly for 12 weeks. Results showed that addition of either saccharin or aspartame to yogurt resulted in increased weight gain compared to addition of sucrose, however total caloric intake was similar among groups. In conclusion, greater weight gain was promoted by the use of saccharin or aspartame, compared with sucrose, and this weight gain was unrelated to caloric intake. We speculate that a decrease in energy expenditure or increase in fluid retention might be involved.