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1.
Rev. bras. cardiol. (Impr.) ; 25(1): 59-66, jan.-fev. 2012. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-618800

ABSTRACT

A medida da pressão arterial pelo método indireto auscultatório vem sendo utilizada durante exercícios resistidos. Com o objetivo de avaliar, em diferentes estudos, a metodologia de aferição da pressão arterial pelo método auscultatório durante exercícios resistidos, foram analisados quinze estudos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão, quanto a: 1) Exercícios observados; 2) Descrição da confiabilidade intra e interavaliadores; 3) Respeito àsrecomendações existentes para a medida da pressão arterial durante exercícios resistidos; 4) Manômetros utilizados; 5)Coleta no sistema duplo-cego. Os resultados encontrados indicam que 80 dos estudos observaram indivíduos jovens(26±5 anos) e 20 idosos (70±7 anos) saudáveis. Quase todos(93) os estudos mediram a pressão arterial durante exercícios resistidos para membros inferiores. Apenas 20 dos estudos verificaram a reprodutibilidade da medida da pressão arterial (correlação intraclasse). Recomendações específicas para a medida da pressão arterial durante os exercícios resistidos foram seguidas por 73 dos estudos, mas muitos aplicaram-nas de forma incompleta ou incorreta. Apenas 7 dos estudos adotaram abordagem duplo-cega. Conclui-se que a qualidade metodológica dos estudos que se valeram do método auscultatório para medida da pressão arterial em exercícios resistidos é questionável, principalmente no tocante à reprodutibilidade da medida e margem de erro. São necessários estudos adicionais para a definição de protocolos de medida padronizados para comparar diferentes situações de exercícios resistidos em populações diversas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Heart Auscultation/methods , Arterial Pressure/physiology , Exercise Test/methods , Exercise Test , Endurance Training/methods , Heart Rate
2.
J Ethnopharmacol ; 139(1): 58-67, 2012 Jan 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22108682

ABSTRACT

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The study was aimed at evaluating medicinal and therapeutic potentials of two Lycopodiaceae species, Lycopodium clavatum (L.) and Lycopodium thyoides (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd), both used in South American folk medicine for central nervous system conditions. Alkaloid extracts were evaluated for chemical characterization, acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The alkaloid extracts obtained by alkaline extraction were determined for each species by GC/MS examination. The evaluation of the anticholinesterase and the antioxidant activities of the extracts were tested by determining in vitro and ex vivo models. Effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were tested in vitro using rat brain homogenates and ex vivo after a single administration (25, 10 and 1mg/kg i.p.) of the alkaloid extracts in mice. The in vitro antioxidant effects were tested for the 2-deoxyribose degradation, nitric oxide (NO) interaction, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and total reactive antioxidant potential (TRAP). After an acute administration (25 and 10mg/kg i.p.) of the extracts in middle-aged (12 months) mice, the antioxidant effects were estimated through the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances test (TBARS), and the antioxidant enzymes activities for catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. RESULTS: AChE activity was inhibited in vitro by the alkaloid-enriched extracts of both Lycopodium species in a dose and time-dependent manner in rat cortex, striatum and hippocampus. A significant inhibition was also observed in areas of the brain after acute administration of extracts, as well as decreased lipid peroxidation and increased CAT activity in the cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum. A moderate antioxidant activity was observed in vitro for the extracts. Chemically, the main alkaloids found for the two species were lycopodine and acetyldihidrolycopodine. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the biological properties of the folk medicinal plants Lycopodium clavatum and Lycopodium thyoides include AChE inhibitory activity and antioxidant effects, two possible mechanisms of action in Alzheimer's related processes.


Subject(s)
Antioxidants/pharmacology , Cholinesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Lycopodium , Medicine, Traditional , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Acetylcholinesterase/metabolism , Animals , Antioxidants/isolation & purification , Brain/drug effects , Brain/enzymology , Cholinesterase Inhibitors/isolation & purification , Deoxyribose/metabolism , Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects , Lycopodium/chemistry , Male , Mice , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Plant Components, Aerial/chemistry , Rats , Rats, Wistar , South America
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