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1.
Acta Med Port ; 32(7-8): 520-528, 2019 Aug 01.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31445532

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Invasive mechanical ventilation contributes to ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction, delaying extubation and increasing mortality in adults. Despite the possibility of having a higher impact in paediatrics, this dysfunction is not routinely monitored. Diaphragm ultrasound has been proposed as a safe and non-invasive technique for this purpose. The aim of this study was to describe the evolution of diaphragmatic morphology and functional measurements by ultrasound in ventilated children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective exploratory study. Children admitted to Paediatric Intensive Care Unit requiring mechanical ventilation > 48 hours were included. The diaphragmatic thickness, excursion and the thickening fraction were assessed by ultrasound. RESULTS: Seventeen cases were included, with a median age of 42 months. Ten were male, seven had comorbidities and three in seventeen had malnutrition at admission. The median time under mechanical ventilation was seven days. The median of the initial and minimum diaphragmatic thickness was 2.3 mm and 1.9 mm, respectively, with a median decrease in thickness of 13% under pressure-regulated volume control. Diaphragmatic atrophy was observed in 14/17 cases. Differences in the median thickness variation were found between patients with sepsis and without (0.70 vs 0.25 mm; p = 0.019). During pressure support ventilation there was a tendency to increase diaphragmatic thickness and excursion. Extubation failure occurred for diaphragmatic thickening fraction ≤ 35%. DISCUSSION: Under pressure-regulated volume control there was a tendency for a decrease in diaphragmatic thickness. In the pre-extubation stage under pressure support, there was a tendency for it to increase. These results suggest that, by titrating ventilation using physiological levels of inspiratory effort, we can reduce the diaphragmatic morphological changes associated with ventilation. CONCLUSION: The early recognition of diaphragmatic changes may encourage a targeted approach, namely titration of ventilation, in order to reduce ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction and its clinical repercussions.


Introdução: A ventilação mecânica invasiva condiciona disfunção diafragmática, atrasando a extubação e aumentando a mortalidade em adultos. Em pediatria, apesar de eventualmente mais relevante, essa disfunção não é sistematicamente avaliada. A ecografia diafragmática tem sido proposta como uma técnica não invasiva e segura para esse fim. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a evolução dos índices ecográficos de morfologia e função diafragmáticas em crianças ventiladas. Material e Métodos: Estudo exploratório, prospetivo. Foram incluídas crianças admitidas num Serviço de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos sob ventilação mecânica invasiva > 48 horas e realizadas medições ecográficas de espessura, excursão e fração de espessamento diafragmáticas. Resultados: Foram incluídos 17 casos. Mediana de idades: 42 meses. Eram do género masculino 10/17, tinham comorbilidades 7/17 e manifestavam desnutrição na admissão 3/17 casos. Mediana do tempo sob ventilação invasiva: sete dias. Medianas das espessuras diafragmáticas inicial e mínima: 2,3 e 1,9 mm, respetivamente, tendo-se observado uma diminuição mediana da espessura de 13% sob volume controlado regulado por pressão. Observou-se atrofia diafragmática em 14/17 casos. Verificaram-se diferenças na mediana da variação da espessura entre os grupos com e sem sépsis (0,70 vs 0,25 mm; p = 0,019). Durante a ventilação em pressão de suporte, observou-se uma tendência para aumento da espessura e excursão diafragmáticas. Ocorreu falência de extubação parafração de espessamento ≤ 35%. Discussão: Sob volume controlado regulado por pressão verificou-se tendência para diminuição da espessura diafragmática. Sob pressão de suporte, verificou-se uma tendência para o seu aumento. Estes resultados sugerem que, titulando a ventilação, podemos reduzir as alterações morfológicas diafragmáticas associadas à ventilação. Conclusão: O reconhecimento precoce de alterações diafragmáticas poderá fomentar uma abordagem dirigida, de forma a limitar a disfunção diafragmática induzida pelo ventilador e suas repercussões.


Subject(s)
Diaphragm/diagnostic imaging , Muscular Atrophy/diagnostic imaging , Respiration, Artificial/adverse effects , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Diaphragm/pathology , Diaphragm/physiopathology , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Muscular Atrophy/pathology , Muscular Atrophy/physiopathology , Muscular Atrophy/prevention & control , Prospective Studies , Respiration, Artificial/methods , Respiration, Artificial/statistics & numerical data , Ultrasonography/methods , Ventilator Weaning
2.
Acta Med Port ; 28(3): 342-6, 2015.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26421787

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Meningococcal infection has a high mortality and morbidity. Recently a new prognostic scoring system was developed for paediatric invasive meningococcal disease, based on platelet count and base excess â base excess and platelets score. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of base excess and platelets score to predict mortality in children admitted to intensive care due to invasive meningococcal disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational study, with retrospective data collection, during a 13.5 years period (01/2000 to 06/2013). Mortality by invasive meningococcal disease and related factors (organ dysfunction and multi-organ failure) were analysed. The base excess and platelets score was calculated retrospectively, to evaluate its accuracy in predicting mortality and compared with Paediatric Risk of Mortality and Paediatric Index of Mortality2. RESULTS: Were admitted 76 children with invasive meningococcal disease. The most frequent type of dysfunction was cardiovascular (92%), followed by hematologic (55%). Of the total, 47 patients (62%) had criteria for multi-organ failure. The global mortality was 16%. Neurologic and renal dysfunction showed the strongest association with mortality, adjusted odds ratio 315 (26 - 3 804) and 155 (20 - 1 299). After application of receiver operating characteristic curves, Base Excess and Platelets score had an area under curve of 0.81, Paediatric Index of Mortality2 of 0.91 and Paediatric Risk of Mortality of 0.96. DISCUSSION: The Base Excess and Platelets score showed good accuracy, although not as high as Paediatric Risk of Mortality or Paediatric Index of Mortality2. CONCLUSIONS: The Base Excess and Platelets score may be useful tool in invasive meningococcal disease because is highly sensitive and specific and is objectively measurable and readily available at presentation.


Introdução: A infeção meningocócica tem uma elevada mortalidade e morbilidade. Recentemente foi desenvolvido um score de prognóstico para a doença meningocócica invasiva em idade pediátrica, baseado na contagem plaquetar e no excesso de base - o Base Excess and Platelets Score. O objetivo principal desde estudo foi avaliar a precisão prognóstica do Base Excess and Platelets Score em doentes admitidos em cuidados intensivos pediátricos por doença meningocócica invasiva.Material e Métodos: Estudo observacional, com colheita de dados retrospetiva, que incluiu um período de 13,5 anos (01/2000 a 06/2013). Foram analisados: mortalidade por doença meningocócica invasiva e fatores associados (disfunção de órgão e falência multi-órgão). Foi calculado o Base Excess and Platelets Score de forma retrospetiva, para avaliar a sua precisão na predição da mortalidade e foi comparado com o Paediatric Risk of Mortality e Paediatric Index of Mortality2.Resultados: Foram admitidas 76 crianças com doença meningocócica invasiva. O tipo de disfunção mais frequente foi a cardiovascular (92%), seguida da hematológica (55%). Cumpriram critérios de falência multi-órgão 47 doentes (62%). A mortalidade global foi de 16%. A disfunção neurológica e a renal foram as que apresentaram uma maior associação com a mortalidade, odds ratio ajustado 315 (26 - 3 804) e 155 (20 - 1 299). Após aplicação das curvas receiver operating characteristic, o Base Excess and Platelets Score tinha umaarea under curve de 0,81, o Paediatric Index of Mortality2 de 0,91 e o Paediatric Risk of Mortality de 0,96.Discussão: O Base Excess and Platelets Score apresentou uma boa precisão apesar de não tão elevada como o Paediatric Index of Mortality2 ou o Paediatric Risk of Mortality.Conclusões: O Base Excess and Platelets Score pode ser útil como indicador prognóstico na doença meningocócica invasiva, por apresentar uma elevada sensibilidade e especificidade e ser objetivo e rapidamente disponível na admissão.


Subject(s)
Acid-Base Imbalance/blood , Meningococcal Infections/blood , Meningococcal Infections/metabolism , Platelet Count , Acid-Base Imbalance/microbiology , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Intensive Care Units, Pediatric , Male , Meningococcal Infections/complications , Meningococcal Infections/microbiology , Portugal , Retrospective Studies , Severity of Illness Index
3.
BMJ Case Rep ; 20152015 Sep 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26351310

ABSTRACT

Secondary hypertension is the most frequent form of hypertension in children. Renovascular disease accounts for 5-10% of all childhood hypertension and should be suspected in the presence of severe hypertension found difficult to manage with medical therapy. Uncontrolled hypertension can lead to severe target organ damage. We describe the case of a 13-month-old baby boy with failure to thrive, recent muscular weakness of the lower extremities and irritability. Hypertension was detected and he was admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit with a refractory hypertensive emergency, despite multiple antihypertensive therapies. Bilateral renal artery stenosis was diagnosed through renal angiography and balloon dilation was performed, leading to lower blood pressure. He is currently withdrawing from antihypertensive medication, and slowly gaining weight and recovering from target organ damage. However, weakness of the lower extremities persists and he has been diagnosed with a neurogenic bladder.


Subject(s)
Angioplasty, Balloon/methods , Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Hypertension, Renovascular/diagnosis , Renal Artery Obstruction/diagnosis , Renal Artery/pathology , Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic/diagnosis , Angiography , Humans , Hypertension, Renovascular/drug therapy , Hypertension, Renovascular/etiology , Infant , Male , Renal Artery Obstruction/complications , Renal Artery Obstruction/therapy , Treatment Outcome
4.
Rev. Col. Bras. Cir ; 40(5): 363-369, set.-out. 2013. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-698071

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: investigar a incidência e gravidade das complicações pós-operatórias precoces e identificar fatores de risco para o seu desenvolvimento em recém-nascidos submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico, sob anestesia geral. MÉTODOS: análise retrospectiva dos dados de 437 neonatos com doença crítica submetidos à cirurgia neonatal num centro cirúrgico pediátrico terciário, entre janeiro de 2000 e dezembro de 2010. A gravidade das complicações ocorridas nos primeiros 30 dias de pós-operatório foi classificada utilizando o sistema de Clavien-Dindo para complicações cirúrgicas, sendo considerados graves os graus III a V. Por análise estatística uni e multivariada avaliaram-se variáveis pré e intraoperatórias com potencial preditivo de complicações pós-operatórias graves. RESULTADOS: a incidência de, pelo menos, uma complicação grave foi 23%, com uma mediana de uma complicação por paciente 1:3. Ao todo, ocorreram 121 complicações graves. Destas, 86 necessitaram de intervenção cirúrgica, endoscópica ou radiológica (grau III), 25 puseram em risco a vida, com disfunção uni ou multi-órgão (grau IV) e dez resultaram na morte do paciente (grau V). As principais complicações foram técnicas (25%), gastrointestinais (22%) e respiratórias (21%). Foram identificados quatro fatores de risco independentes para complicações pós-operatórias graves: reoperação, operação por hérnia diafragmática congênita, prematuridade menor que 32 semanas de idade gestacional e cirurgia abdominal. CONCLUSÃO: a incidência de complicações pós-operatórias graves após cirurgias neonatais, sob anestesia geral, permaneceu elevada. As condições consideradas fatores de risco independentes para complicações graves após a cirurgia neonatal podem ajudar a definir o prognóstico pós-operatório em neonatos com doença cirúrgica e orientar as intervenções para melhoria de resultados.


OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence and severity of early postoperative complications and to identify their risk factors in newborns undergoing surgery under general anesthesia. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of data from 437 critically ill newborns undergoing surgery in a tertiary pediatric surgical center, between January 2000 and December 2010. Complications that occurred within the first 30 days after surgery were classified using the Clavien-Dindo system, for which grades III to V were considered severe. We used univariate and multivariate analysis to evaluate pre- and intraoperative variables potentially predictive of severe postoperative complications. RESULTS: The incidence of at least one serious complication was 23%, with a median of one complication per patient 1:3. Altogether, there were 121 serious complications. Of these, 86 required surgical, endoscopic or radiological interventions (grade III), 25 endangered life, with uni or multi-organ failure (grade IV) and ten resulted in death (grade V). The most common complications were technical (25%), gastrointestinal (22%) and respiratory (21%). We identified four independent risk factors for severe postoperative complications: reoperation, operation for congenital diaphragmatic hernia, preterm birth less than 32 weeks of gestational age and abdominal surgery. CONCLUSION: The incidence of severe postoperative complications after neonatal surgeries under general anesthesia remains high. The conditions considered independent risk factors for those can guide interventions to improve results.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Anesthesia, General , Infant, Newborn, Diseases/surgery , Postoperative Complications/epidemiology , Incidence , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness Index
5.
Rev Col Bras Cir ; 40(5): 363-9, 2013.
Article in English, Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24573583

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence and severity of early postoperative complications and to identify their risk factors in newborns undergoing surgery under general anesthesia. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of data from 437 critically ill newborns undergoing surgery in a tertiary pediatric surgical center, between January 2000 and December 2010. Complications that occurred within the first 30 days after surgery were classified using the Clavien-Dindo system, for which grades III to V were considered severe. We used univariate and multivariate analysis to evaluate pre- and intraoperative variables potentially predictive of severe postoperative complications. RESULTS: The incidence of at least one serious complication was 23%, with a median of one complication per patient 1:3. Altogether, there were 121 serious complications. Of these, 86 required surgical, endoscopic or radiological interventions (grade III), 25 endangered life, with uni or multi-organ failure (grade IV) and ten resulted in death (grade V). The most common complications were technical (25%), gastrointestinal (22%) and respiratory (21%). We identified four independent risk factors for severe postoperative complications: reoperation, operation for congenital diaphragmatic hernia, preterm birth less than 32 weeks of gestational age and abdominal surgery. CONCLUSION: The incidence of severe postoperative complications after neonatal surgeries under general anesthesia remains high. The conditions considered independent risk factors for those can guide interventions to improve results.


Subject(s)
Anesthesia, General , Infant, Newborn, Diseases/surgery , Postoperative Complications/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Incidence , Infant, Newborn , Male , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness Index
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