Comparison of The Endoparasite Fauna of Hoplias Malabaricus and Hoplerythrinus Unitaeniatus (Erythrinidae), Sympatric Hosts in the Eastern Amazon Region (Brazil).

Hoplias malabaricus and Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus are Erythrinidae family widely distributed in the Amazon River system of great value to both commercial and subsistence fishing for riverine populations. As such, the objective of the present study was to investigate the endoparasite communities of H. malabaricus and H. unitaeniatus of a tributary of the Amazon River in the north of Brazil. The endoparasite communities of H. unitaeniatus and H. malabaricus were taxonomically similar (85%) and consisted of Clinostomum marginatum, Contracaecum sp., Guyanema seriei seriei, Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus, Pseudoproleptus sp. and Gorytocephalus spectabilis, although the dominant endoparasite was C. marginatum, which was the most prevalent and abundant. All the specimens of both H. malabaricus and H. unitaeniatus were parasitized, with a total of 1237 helminths collected in the former host and 1151 helminths collected in the latter. Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus possessed greater parasite species richness. Both hosts had an aggregate dispersion of parasites, and the abundance of C. marginatum, Contracaecum sp. and G. spectabilis correlated positively with the weight and length of the hosts. The condition factor was not affected by parasitism, but the abundance of C. marginatum and Contracaecum sp. increased when the condition factor of the hosts decreased. This is the first report of G. seriei seriei for H. malabaricus and Pseudoproleptus sp. for H. unitaeniatus.

Parasitic infections in tambaqui from eight fish farms in Northern Brazil / Infecções parasitárias em tambaqui de oito pisciculturas do Norte do Brasil

The aim of this study was to evaluate the parasites and parasite-host relationship in Colossoma macropomum from eight fish farms in Amapá State, Northern Brazil. A total of 12,242,559 parasites were recovered from hosts in the eight fish farms, and 87.4% of fish were infected by one or more parasite species, such as Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Piscinoodinium pillulare, Trichodinasp. and Tetrahymena sp. (Protozoa), Anacanthorus spathulatus, Linguadactyloides brinkmanni, Mymarothecium boegeri and Notozothecium janauachensis (Monogenoidea), Procamallanus(Spirocamallanus) inopinatus (Nematoda) and Perulernaea gamitanae and Braga patagonica (Crustacea). Ichthyophthirius multifiliis presented dominance, but the greatest levels of parasitism were caused by I. multifiliis, P. pilulare, monogenoideans species and P. gamitanae, and all these parasites had an aggregate dispersion. The eight fish farms have differences in the parasitic infection levels, management and water quality, which are further discussed here.

O presente estudo avaliou as infecções parasitárias e a relação parasito-hospedeiro em Colossoma macropomumde oito pisciculturas do estado do Amapá, norte do Brasil. Foi coletado um total de 12.242.559,0 parasitos em hospedeiros das oito pisciculturas, e 87,4% dos peixes estavam infectados por uma ou mais espécies de parasitos, tais comoIchthyophthirius multifiliis, Piscinoodinium pillulare, Trichodinasp. e Tetrahymenasp. (Protozoa), Anacanthorus spathulatus, Linguadactyloides brinkmanni, Mymarothecium boegeri e Notozothecium janauachensis (Monogenoidea), Procamallanus(Spirocamallanus) inopinatus (Nematoda) e Perulernaea gamitanae e Braga patagonica (Crustacea). A dominância foi de I. multifiliis, mas os maiores níveis de parasitismo foram causados por I. multifiliis, P. pilulare, espécies de monogenoideas e P. gamitanae, e todos esses parasitos tiveram uma dispersão agregada. Nas oito pisciculturas houve diferenças quanto aos níveis de infecções parasitárias, manejo e qualidade da água, que foram aqui discutidas.

Helminthes and protozoan of farmed pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) in eastern Amazon and host-parasite relationship / Helmintos e protozoários de pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) cultivado na Amazônia oriental, e relação hospedeiro-parasito

The parasitofauna in the giant Amazon basin, pirarucu (Arapaima gigas Schinz, 1822) cultured in fish farms from the state of Amapá, in eastern Amazonia (Brazil) was investigated. Of the 100 examined fish, 90.0% were parasitized by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ciliophora), Dawestrema cycloancistrium, Dawestrema cycloancistrioides (Monogenoidea) and Polyacanthorhynchus macrorhynchus (Acanthocephala), which had an aggregated distribution pattern. The highest infection rates were caused by I. multifiliis and the lowest by P. macrorhynchus. Infection rates were different for each fish farm, due to different water quality and management characteristics. A negative correlation was found between the intensity of monogenoideans D. cycloancistrium and D. cycloancistrioides and the relative condition factor (Kn), but the welfare of fish was not affected by parasitism. The number of I. multifiliis was positively correlated with the weight and total length of hosts, while the intensity of monogenoideans was negatively correlated with body weight and total length. This study is the first to record the occurrence of P. macrorhynchus in A. gigas farmed in Amazon.

Investigou-se a parasitofauna no gigante da bacia amazônica, pirarucu (Arapaima gigas Schinz, 1822), cultivado em pisciculturas do estado do Amapá, na Amazônia oriental, Brasil. Dos peixes examinados, 90,0% estavam parasitados por Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ciliophora), Dawestrema cycloancistrium, D. cycloancistrioides (Monogenoidea) e Polyacanthorhynchus macrorhynchus (Acanthocephala), os quais tiveram um padrão de distribuição agregado. As maiores taxas de infecção foram causadas por I. multifiliis, e as menores por P. macrorhynchus. As pisciculturas examinadas apresentaram diferentes taxas de infecção devido às diferentes características de qualidade de água e de manejo. Houve correlação negativa entre a intensidade de monogenoideas e o fator de condição relativo (Kn), mas a saúde dos peixes não foi afetada pelo parasitismo. A intensidade de I. multifiliis foi positivamente correlacionada com o peso e o comprimento, enquanto a intensidade de monogenoideas D. cycloancistrium e D. cycloancistrioides mostrou correlação negativa com o peso e o comprimento total dos hospedeiros. Este estudo foi o primeiro registro da ocorrência de P. macrorhynchus em A. gigas cultivados na Amazônia.

Perulernaea gamitanae (Copepoda: Lernaeidae) parasitizing tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) (Characidae) and the hybrids tambacu and tambatinga, cultured in northern Brazil / Perulernaea gamitanae (Copepoda: Lernaeidae) parasitando tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) (Characidae) e seus híbridos tambacu e tambatinga cultivados no norte do Brasil

The infestation rate in Colossoma macropomum, hybrid tambacu (C. macropomum x Piaractus mesopotamicus) and hybrid tambatinga (C. macropomum x Piaractus brachypomum) with Perulernaea gamitanae Thatcher and Paredes, 1985 from two fish farms in Amapá State, Brazil was studied. Lernaeid parasites (n=2887) were collected mainly on the tongue and the mouth cavity and also on cartilage of gill arches and filaments. Inflammation and fibrous nodules were observed on the attachment sites of the parasites. The infestation rate varied according to the fish farm and host. The prevalence of P. gamitanae was of 100 percent in hosts from one fish farm and was lower in the other fish farm. Higher intensity of P. gamitanae occurred in hybrids tambacu and tambatinga, but despite the high prevalence its intensity was moderate. This is the first report on epidemiology of P. gamitanae in cultured fishes from Brazilian Amazonia, and the occurrence of this crustacean parasite in two new hosts, the hybrids tambacu and tambatinga.

Estudou-se as taxas de infestação pelo crustáceo Perulernaea gamitanae Thatcher & Paredes, 1985 em tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) e seus híbridos tambacu (C. macropomum x Piaractus mesopotamicus) e tambatinga (C. macropomum x Piaractus brachypomum) de duas pisciculturas no estado do Amapá, Brasil. Os lerneídeos parasitos (n=2.887) foram coletados principalmente na língua e na boca das espécies estudadas. Os crustáceos foram encontrados também nos filamentos e cartilagem dos arcos branquiais. Nos locais parasitados foram observados inflamação e nódulos fibrosos. As taxas de infestações variaram entre espécies e entre pisciculturas. Na piscicultura um a prevalência de P. gamitanae foi 100 por cento, e na piscicultura dois, foi menor. A maior intensidade de infestação por P. gamitanae ocorreu nos híbridos tambacu e tambatinga. Apesar da elevada prevalência de P. gamitanae a intensidade de infestação foi moderada. Este é o primeiro relato sobre níveis epidemiológicos de P. gamitanae em peixes de cultivo da Amazônia brasileira, e amplia a ocorrência deste parasito crustáceo para dois novos hospedeiros, os híbridos tambacu e tambatinga.

[Sjögren's syndrome]. / Síndrome de Sjögren.

This paper consists the theorical review and the current concepts of the subject and the second includes the casuistry of the Stomatology Department of the Pulido Valente Hospital. From April 1989 to 1991 (2 years), a study was made on Sjögren Syndrome (Primary and Secondary) of multiple character with the particular co-operation of the Portuguese Institute of Rheumatology. With this paper we wish to point out the importance of the oral evaluation of the study of the plurisystemic diseases as well as to establish criterions of diagnosis for the Portuguese population. Eighty cases of suspected Sjögren's Syndrome have been assessed, 66 of which have been fully. The reason for the consultation was dry mouth, dry eyes and enlargement of parotid glands. The symptoms were isolated or in association with other pathologies after other causes had been excluded. We had to establish the salivary reference values for the Portuguese population in 22 healthy volunteers. The xerostomia was evaluated by the Sialochemistry, Sialography, Cintigraphy and biopsies of the lower lip and of the sublingual gland. The ophthalmologic examination took place in the Ophthalmology Department of Santo António dos Capuchos Hospital by means of Shirmer test, Rosa Bengala and B.U.T. In spite of Sjögren's Syndrome being, up to now, so remotely determined in connection with the treatment, these patients need medical care and Stomatology plays a fundamental role as far as the diagnosis and the therapeutic points of view are concerned. We maintain the notion that the Syndrome is not as infrequent as one would believe and the evaluation of the oral field is important to establish the degree of the disease and its treatment.