Gut microbiome is associated with asthma and race in children with food allergy.

BACKGROUND: The composition of the gut microbiome has been associated with development of atopic conditions such as food allergy (FA) and asthma. African American or Black children with FA have higher rate of asthma compared to their White counterparts. OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate whether the diversity and relative abundance (RA) of gut microbiota is different between children with FA from different racial backgrounds living in the same cities. Furthermore, we aimed to understand whether the difference in the gut microbiota is associated with asthma in children with FA. METHODS: We analyzed and compared the stool microbiome of a cohort of Black and White children with FA by shotgun genomic sequencing. RESULTS: A total of 152 children with IgE-mediated FA enrolled onto FORWARD (Food Allergy Outcomes Related to White and African American Racial Differences); 30 Black and 122 White children were included. The RA of several bacteria was associated with race and asthma. Most notably the RA of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Chlamydia thrachomatis, Parabacteroides goldsteinii, and Bacteroides eggerthii were significantly higher, while the RA of Bifidobacterium sp CAG:754, Parabacterium johnsonii, Bacteroides intestinalis, and Bifidobacterium breve were significantly lower in stool samples of Black children compared to White children. Asthma was associated with lower RA of B breve, Bifidobacterium catenulatum, Prevotella copri, Veilloella sp CAG:933, and Bacteroides plebius, and higher RA of 3 Bacteroides species. CONCLUSIONS: The observed variations in the gut microbiota of Black and White children such as differences in the Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium species along with their association to history of asthma in our cohort is indicative of their potential role in the higher rate of asthma observed among Black children with FA.

Assessing Disparities in the Prevalence of Atopic Comorbidities Among Food-Allergic Children.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported that Black children with food allergy (FA) have higher risk of atopic comorbidities than White children. OBJECTIVE: Our study sought to understand if disparities in the prevalence of atopic comorbidities among children with FA are driven by individual and community-level socioeconomic status (SES). METHODS: We analyzed data from a prospective, multicenter cohort investigating the natural history of pediatric atopy: the Food Allergy Outcomes Related to White and African American Racial Differences (FORWARD) study. A validated, multicomponent area deprivation index (ADI) percentile score was tabulated by the census block group for each subject's home address. The association of ADI with atopic comorbidities in FA was assessed via multivariable regression analysis. RESULTS: Of the 700 children in this study, the mean ADI was 37.7 (95% confidence interval: 35.6-39.7). The mean ADI was higher in children with asthma (43.3) compared with those without asthma (31.8), which remained significant after adjusting for race (P < .0001). Children with allergic rhinitis (AR) had a higher mean ADI (39.1) compared with those without (33.4) (P = .008). ADI was associated with secondhand smoking, parents' education, and household income. Black children had a higher risk for asthma after adjusting for ADI and SES-related factors. CONCLUSION: The independent association of ADI with asthma and AR, regardless of race, suggests a role of neighborhood-level socioeconomic deprivation in the development of these conditions among children with FA. Black children with FA remained at higher risk for asthma after adjusting for SES-related variables, which can indicate an independent risk for asthma in these children.

African American Children Are More Likely to Be Allergic to Shellfish and Finfish: Findings from FORWARD, a Multisite Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Despite major differences in health profiles and rates of health care utilization between African American and White children with food allergy (FA), the detailed phenotypic variables that can potentially impact these outcomes have not been thoroughly studied. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to characterize phenotypic differences such as allergies to different foods and allergic comorbidities between African American and White children with FA enrolled in the Food Allergy Outcomes Related to White and African American Racial Differences study. METHODS: Our active, prospective, multicenter cohort study is currently enrolling African American and White children aged 0 to 12 years diagnosed with FA and followed by allergy/immunology clinics at 4 urban tertiary centers in the United States. To evaluate associations between race and phenotypic variables, we used multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for important demographic and confounding factors, as well as potential household clustering. RESULTS: As of May 2020, there were 239 African Americans and 425 Whites with complete intake information enrolled in the study. In comparison with Whites, we found that African Americans had significantly higher adjusted odds of allergy to finfish (odds ratio [OR]: 2.54, P < .01) and shellfish (OR: 3.10, P < .001). African Americans also had higher adjusted odds of asthma than Whites (asthma prevalence of 60.5% in African Americans and 27.2% in Whites; OR: 2.70, P < .001). In addition, shellfish allergy was associated with asthma, after controlling for race. CONCLUSION: Among a diverse cohort of children with physician-diagnosed FA, we observed that African American children had higher odds of allergy to shellfish and finfish, and higher rates of asthma. Interestingly, having asthma was independently associated with allergy to shellfish, after controlling for race.

Food allergy-related bullying and associated peer dynamics among Black and White children in the FORWARD study.

BACKGROUND: The experiences of Black children with food allergy (FA) are not well characterized, particularly with respect to bullying victimization and other psychosocial outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate bullying experiences of Black and White children with FA, including associations with peer relationships, anxiety, and school policies. METHODS: Surveys were administered to parents of 252 children with physician-diagnosed FA enrolled in the multisite FORWARD cohort. The surveys assessed demographics, atopic disease, bullying victimization, and school FA management practices and policies. Descriptive statistics of bullying by race were compared by χ2 tests. Multiple logistic regression analyses adjusting for race, age, parental education, household income, child sex, and multi-FA compared adjusted probabilities of bullying victimization by school policies. RESULTS: Nearly 20% of school-aged children were bullied for FA with no substantial racial differences overall, though for children ages 11 years and up, White children reported higher rates of bullying. However, Black children experienced non-FA-related bullying twice as frequently as White children (38.6% vs 17.7%; P = .002). Most of the caregivers (85.7%) who intervened in their child's bullying reported that it was helpful. Among parents, 17.3% reported that they were teased or bullied owing to their child's FA. More than half of the respondents (54.8%) reported that some allergens are banned from their child's school, most typically peanut. In schools banning peanuts, FA-related bullying was less frequently reported by all students who have food allergy. CONCLUSION: Bullying owing to FA is common, and caregivers, medical professionals, and school administrators can help reduce bullying by screening for bullying and supporting and educating school policies.