Isolation, Culture, and Phenotypic Analysis of Murine Lung Organoids.

Three-dimensional (3D) organoid cultures retain self-renewing stem cells that differentiate into multiple cell types that display spatial organization and functional key features, providing a highly physiological relevant system. Here we describe a strategy for the generation of 3D murine lung organoids derived from freshly isolated primary tracheal and distal lung epithelial stem cells. Isolated tracheas are subjected to enzymatic digestion to release the epithelial layer that is then dissociated into a single cell suspension for organoid culture. Lung epithelial cells are obtained from dissected lobes, which are applied to mechanical and enzymatic dissociation. After flow sorting, organoids are established from tracheal basal, secretory club, and alveolar type 2 cells in the defined conditioned medium that is required to sustain organoid growth and generate the differentiated cells. Multi-cell-type organoid co-culture replicates niches for distal epithelial stem cells to differentiate into bronchiolar and alveolar cell types. Established organoids can be fixed for wholemount staining and paraffin embedding, or passaged for further culture. Taken together, this protocol provides an efficient and validated approach to generate murine lung organoids, as well as a platform for further analysis.

DKK1 drives immune suppressive phenotypes in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and can be targeted with anti-DKK1 therapeutic DKN-01.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) is associated with poor prognosis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), but the mechanisms behind this are unclear. Here, we show that DKK1 plays an immune regulatory role in vivo and inhibition reduces tumour growth. METHODS: Various in vivo GEMM mouse models and patient samples were utilized to assess the effects of tumour specific DKK1 overexpression in iCCA. DKK1-driven changes to the tumour immune microenvironment were characterized by immunostaining and gene expression analysis. DKK1 overexpressing and damage-induced models of iCCA were used to demonstrate the therapeutic efficacy of DKK1 inhibition in these contexts using the anti-DKK1 therapeutic, DKN-01. RESULTS: DKK1 overexpression in mouse models of iCCA drives an increase in chemokine and cytokine signalling, the recruitment of regulatory macrophages, and promotes the formation of a tolerogenic niche with higher numbers of regulatory T cells. We show a similar association of DKK1 with FOXP3 and regulatory T cells in patient tissue and gene expression data, demonstrating these effects are relevant to human iCCA. Finally, we demonstrate that inhibition of DKK1 with the monoclonal antibody mDKN-01 is effective at reducing tumour burden in two distinct mouse models of the disease. CONCLUSION: DKK1 promotes tumour immune evasion in iCCA through the recruitment of immune suppressive macrophages. Targeting DKK1 with a neutralizing antibody is effective at reducing tumour growth in vivo. As such, DKK1 targeted and immune modulatory therapies may be an effective strategy in iCCA patients with high DKK1 tumour expression or tolerogenic immune phenotypes.

Primary tumour immune response and lymph node yields in colon cancer.

BACKGROUND: The mechanism underlying improved survival in non-metastatic colon cancer with higher lymph node (LN) yield is unknown. This study aimed to identify whether molecular features in the primary tumour were predictive of LN yield. METHODS: Clinical, genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and methylation data of non-metastatic, colon cancers studied in The Cancer Genome Atlas were interrogated for associations with LN yield. Based on maximal survival effects, patients were segregated into high (>15) and low (≤15) LN yield. Gene set enrichment analysis was performed on transcriptomic changes to identify biological processes associated with LN yield. Correlations were validated in an independent set of Stage II colon cancers. RESULTS: High LN yield was found predictive of overall and disease-free survival. There was no association of higher LN yield and increasing nodal positivity. High LN yield was strongly linked with gene expression changes associated with the adaptive and dendritic cell immune response. This association was most prominent in node-negative cancers. Analogous findings were reproduced in the validation dataset. CONCLUSION: The study shows a strong association of an activated immune response in tumours with a high LN yield. Immunogenic tumours have a better prognosis, likely explaining the survival benefit with higher LN yields.