Gaps in humanitarian WASH response: perspectives from people affected by crises, practitioners, global responders, and the literature.

Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions prevent and control disease in humanitarian response. To inform future funding and policy priorities, WASH 'gaps' were identified via 220 focus-group discussions with people affected by crises and WASH practitioners, 246 global survey respondents, and 614 documents. After extraction, 2,888 (48 per cent) gaps from direct feedback and 3,151 (52 per cent) from literature were categorised. People affected by crises primarily listed 'services gaps', including a need for water, sanitation, solid waste disposal, and hygiene items. Global survey respondents principally cited 'mechanism gaps' in providing services, including collaboration, WASH staffing expertise, and community engagement. Literature highlighted gaps in health (but not other) WASH intervention impacts. Overall, people affected by crises wanted the 'what' (services), responders wanted the 'how' (to supply), and researchers wanted the 'why' (health consequences). This study suggests a need for a renewed focus on basic WASH services, collaboration across stakeholders, and research on WASH outcomes beyond health.

Recycling of Faecal Sludge: Nitrogen, Carbon and Organic Matter Transformation during Co-Composting of Faecal Sludge with Different Bulking Agents.

This study investigated the effect of locally available bulking agents on the faecal sludge (FS) composting process and quality of the final FS compost. Dewatered FS was mixed with sawdust, coffee husk and brewery waste, and composted on a pilot scale. The evolution of physical and chemical characteristics of the composting materials was monitored weekly. Results indicate that bulking agents have a statistically significant effect (p < 0.0001) on the evolution of composting temperatures, pH, electrical conductivity, nitrogen forms, organic matter mineralisation, total organic carbon, maturity indices, quality of the final compost and composting periods during FS composting. Our results suggest reliable maturity indices for mature and stable FS compost. From the resource recovery perspective, this study suggests sawdust as a suitable bulking agent for co-composting with FS-as it significantly reduced the organic matter losses and nitrogen losses (to 2.2%), and improved the plant growth index, thus improving the agronomic values of the final compost as a soil conditioner. FS co-composting can be considered a sustainable and decentralised treatment option for FS and other organic wastes in the rural and peri-urban communities, especially, where there is a strong practice of reusing organic waste in agriculture.

Improving safe sanitation practices using groundwater transport modelling and water quality monitoring data.

In many developing countries, poorly constructed pit latrines are the primary source of groundwater contamination. Approaches are needed to identify site-specific separation distances between domestic wells and pit latrines. In this study, tracer transport simulations are combined with water quality monitoring data to identify separation distances in peri-urban Dar es Salaam. Bivariate correlation and linear regression models were used to find the relationships between (1) simulated tracer and distances from the wells to the nearest pit latrines (2) simulated tracer and observed contaminants (nitrate, E. coli, and total dissolved solids). The results showed a strong correlation between tracer with nitrate and E. coli, with Pearson coefficient (r) values of 0.80 and 0.79, but a weak correlation with total dissolved solids (TDS) (r = 0.23). A strong correlation between tracer and distance for shallow and deep wells (r = -0.96, -0.76) was found. Based on the soil type and aquifer properties in the area, wells must be placed at least 34 m from a pit latrine to minimize contamination. With recent advances in sensor technologies and the availability of low-cost sensors, linking simulated tracer with observed contaminant levels may provide an alternative first approach to quickly assess human health risks associated with groundwater contamination.

Impact of domestic wells and hydrogeologic setting on water quality in peri-urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

In densely populated urban areas of many low-income countries, water scarcity, poor water quality, and inadequate wastewater management present complex challenges to ensuring health and wellbeing. This study was conducted in an impoverished peri-urban community in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania that experiences water scarcity and relies on domestic wells for drinking water. The objective of this study was to identify the sources of domestic well water contamination and assess the relationship and association of water contamination with three variables 1) the proximity of the well to a sanitation system, 2) well age, and 3) well depth. Out of the 71 wells tested, samples from >80% of wells contained Escherichia coli (E. coli) and 58% had nitrate levels above WHO guidelines. The average concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) was 882 mg/L, which exceeded the WHO guideline of 600 mg/L. Bivariate correlation analysis showed a strong correlation between water contamination and proximity of the well to a sanitation system along with well depth. Univariate regression analysis confirmed the association of contaminants with distance of a well from a sanitation system and well depth (p < 0.05) but age of the well did not show any significant influence on water quality. Our findings indicate significant contamination of wells from nearby septic tanks and pit latrines. New regulatory mandates for the distance of domestic wells from sanitation systems are essential to prevent groundwater contamination and to protect human health.