ABSTRACT
Surgery is still the main treatment in early-stage of non-small cell lung cancer with 5-year survival of stage IA patients exceeding 80%, but 5-year survival of stage II patients rapidly decreasing with tumor size, N status, and visceral pleura invasion. The major metastatic risk in such patients has supported clinical research assessing systemic or loco-regional perioperative treatments. Modern phase 3 trials clearly validated adjuvant or neo-adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy in resected stage I-III patients as a standard treatment of which value has been reassessed several independent meta-analyses, showing a 5% benefit in 5y-survival, and a decrease of the relative risk for death around from 12 to 25%. Conversely perioperative treatments were not validated for stage IA and IB patients. In more advanced stage patients, neo-adjuvant radio-chemotherapy has not been validated either. Adjuvant radiotherapy for N2 patients is currently tested in the large international phase 3 trial Lung-ART/IFCT-0503. The development of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) has helped adjuvant chemotherapies for elderly patients. Perioperative targeted treatments in NSCLC with EGFR or ALK molecular alterations is currently assessed in the U.S. ALCHEMIST prospective trial. Finally, the role of immune check-points inhibitors is currently evaluated in a large international phase 3 trial testing adjuvant anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody, the BR31/IFCT-1401 trial, while a proof-of principle neo-adjuvant trial IONESCO/IFCT-1601, has just begun by the end of the 2016 year, with survival results of both trials expected in 5 to 7 years.
