Play in video games.

Video game play is remarkably ubiquitous in today's society given its recent emergence only in the late 1950s. While this fast evolution could exemplify the power of play, video games exploit but also extend other types of play. Here, we review a classification of the ecosystem of video games useful in the emerging field of the cognitive neuroscience of video games. We then discuss how video games may leverage different play types, considering first locomotor-rotational, object, and social play before highlighting the importance of role, rule, and pretend play in video games. With an eye toward comparative studies of the neural bases of play across species, we discuss whether video games may fulfil the five criteria from Burghardt (2005) to identify play. Finally, in line with play's possible preparatory role for adulthood, we review the positive impact on cognition and future learning of action-like video games. Highlighting that not all video games have this impact, we note more granular hypotheses about the biological functions of play are to be encouraged.

Examining the synergistic effects of a cognitive control video game and a home-based, self-administered non-invasive brain stimulation on alleviating depression: the DiSCoVeR trial protocol.

Enhanced behavioral interventions are gaining increasing interest as innovative treatment strategies for major depressive disorder (MDD). In this study protocol, we propose to examine the synergistic effects of a self-administered home-treatment, encompassing transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) along with a video game based training of attentional control. The study is designed as a two-arm, double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled multi-center trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04953208). At three study sites (Israel, Latvia, and Germany), 114 patients with a primary diagnosis of MDD undergo 6 weeks of intervention (30 × 30 min sessions). Patients assigned to the intervention group receive active tDCS (anode F3 and cathode F4; 2 mA intensity) and an action-like video game, while those assigned to the control group receive sham tDCS along with a control video game. An electrode-positioning algorithm is used to standardize tDCS electrode positioning. Participants perform their designated treatment at the clinical center (sessions 1-5) and continue treatment at home under remote supervision (sessions 6-30). The endpoints are feasibility (primary) and safety, treatment efficacy (secondary, i.e., change of Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) scores at week six from baseline, clinical response and remission, measures of social, occupational, and psychological functioning, quality of life, and cognitive control (tertiary). Demonstrating the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of this novel combined intervention could expand the range of available treatments for MDD to neuromodulation enhanced interventions providing cost-effective, easily accessible, and low-risk treatment options.ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04953208.

Low-energy suspiciously open proximal humerus fracture management in older adult patient: A case report.

Although fractures of the proximal humerus are common among older adults, open fractures following low-energy trauma are exceptionally rare. Prior studies have alluded to the existence of this injury, but there are no detailed reports on its presentation, management, or long-term follow-up. We present the case of a 78-year-old man that sustained a suspiciously open proximal humerus fracture of the dominant hand following a fall down a few stairs. Management consisted of early intravenous antibiotics followed by open reduction and internal fixation with irrigation and debridement. Intraoperative soft tissue assessment revealed a wound extending from bone to skin. The patient suffered no complications, regained full function of his arm, and is pain free. Considering the rarity of this injury and its potential for highly morbid complications, this case serves as a reminder that we should continue to have a low suspicion threshold for open fracture when punctures or lesions are present around proximal humerus fractures, even for low-energy injuries. Prompt and thorough examination, initiation of antibiotics, and surgical intervention are keys to providing best care for this uncommon injury.

Mechanistic Basis for the Role of Phytochemicals in Inflammation-Associated Chronic Diseases.

Chronic inflammatory diseases occur in a large portion of the population and are associated with a poor diet. Key natural products found in fruits and vegetables may assist in lowering inflammation associated with chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. This review seeks to examine the roles of several natural products, resveratrol (RES), quercetin (QUE), curcumin (CUR), piperine (PIP), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and gingerol (GIN), in their ability to attenuate inflammatory markers in specific diseases states. Additionally, we will discuss findings in past and ongoing clinical trials, detail possible phytochemical-drug interactions, and provide a brief resource for researchers and healthcare professionals on natural product and supplement regulation as well as names of databases with information on efficacy, indications, and natural product-drug interactions. As diet and over-the-counter supplement use are modifiable factors and patients are interested in using complementary and alternative therapies, understanding the mechanisms by which natural products have demonstrated efficacy and the types of drugs they interact with and knowing where to find information on herbs and supplements is important for practicing healthcare providers and researchers interested in this field.

Medial femoral circumflex artery pseudoaneurysm following intramedullary nailing for intertrochanteric fracture.

CASE: We present the case of a 92-year-old woman who developed a medial femoral circumflex artery (MFCA) pseudoaneurysm intraoperatively while obtaining reduction during intramedullary nailing (IMN) for intertrochanteric fracture. CONCLUSIONS: Pseudoaneurysms are rare vascular complications in hip fracture surgery. Early recognition of signs and symptoms of this phenomenon are essential for diagnosis and treatment. Close post-operative monitoring and serial hemoglobin should be considered for unexplained intra-operative bleeding. A low threshold for angiography should be entertained if active bleeding and clinical decompensation occur during instrumented percutaneous pertrochanteric fracture reduction. This patient underwent conventional angiography with successful coil embolization and exclusion of the MFCA pseudoaneurysm.

What You Need to Know About Hand Hygiene and Dermatitis During the Coronavirus Pandemic.

Increased attention towards infection control measures during the COVID-19 pandemic have brought to light the dermatological consequences of intensified hand hygiene measures. Healthcare workers are inherently at an increased risk of developing both allergic and irritant contact dermatitis. Individuals with a history of atopy are especially vulnerable given their impaired native skin barriers and increased sensitivities at baseline. Examination gloves not only induce contact allergies from manufacturing chemicals, but also serve as an occlusive catalyst for facilitating contact sensitization and irritant dermatitis. Similarly, handwashing practices with soap and alcohol-based hand rubs (ABHRs) undermine the natural skin barriers with increasing frequency of use. We highlight clinical pearls for the frontline healthcare worker experiencing COVID-19 surges and offer practical measures to minimize the development of hand-based dermatitis.

Clinical Decision Support Intervention and Time to Imaging in Older Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of elderly trauma admissions. Previous research identified that each minute delay to TBI diagnosis was associated with a 2% mortality increase, delaying treatment to older patients (age ≥70 years) who do not meet trauma activation criteria. A TBI protocol and clinical decision support intervention (CDS-I) were developed to reduce time to imaging in older patients with head trauma not meeting trauma activation criteria. STUDY DESIGN: An emergency department (ED) head CT protocol and CDS-I were developed and implemented to facilitate rapid imaging of older patients. Patients age ≥ 70 years, with TBI and receiving anticoagulation, met inclusion criteria. The primary outcomes measure was time from ED arrival to head CT imaging comparing before (PRE: January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016) vs after (POST: August 1, 2018 to April 3, 2019) protocol implementation. Negative binomial regression models evaluated the association of intervention on time to imaging. LOWESS (locally weighted scatterplot smoothing) was used to evaluate the association of intervention on mortality over time. RESULTS: The study examined 451 patients (269 PRE and 182 POST). Positive head CTs were seen in 78 (17.3%), and 57 of 78 (73%) patients had a Glasgow Coma Scale > 13. POST-intervention decreased time to head CT from 56 to 27 minutes (interquartile range [IQR] PRE: 32 to 93 to POST:16 to 44, p < 0.001) and POST-intervention patients had reduced hospital length of stay (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.83, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.86, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: A significant proportion of older patients receiving anticoagulation, but not meeting trauma activation criteria, had positive CT findings. Implementation of a rapid triage protocol with CDS-I reduced time to imaging and may reduce mortality in the highest-risk populations.

Implementation of a Prophylactic Anticoagulation Guideline for Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury.

BACKGROUND: Patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) are at an increased risk of developing complications from venous thromboembolisms (VTEs [blood clots]). Benchmarking by the American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program identified suboptimal use of prophylactic anticoagulation in patients with TBI. We hypothesized that institutional implementation of an anticoagulation protocol would improve clinical outcomes in such patients. METHODS: A new prophylactic anticoagulation protocol that incorporated education, weekly audits, and real-time adherence feedback was implemented in July 2015. The trauma registry identified patients with TBI before (PRE) and after (POST) implementation. Multivariable regression analysis with risk adjustment was used to compare use of prophylactic anticoagulation, VTE events, and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 681 patients with TBI (368 PRE, 313 POST) were identified. After implementation of the VTE protocol, more patients received anticoagulation (PRE: 39.4%, POST: 80.5%, p < 0.001), time to initiation was shorter (PRE: 140 hours, POST: 59 hours, p < 0.001), and there were fewer VTE events (PRE: 19 [5.2%], POST: 7 [2.2%], p = 0.047). Multivariable analysis showed that POST patients were more likely to receive anticoagulation (odds ratio [OR] = 10.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.9-16.7, p < 0.001) and less likely to develop VTE (OR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.1-1.0, p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: Benchmarking can assist institutions to identity potential clinically relevant areas for quality improvement in real time. Combining education and multifaceted protocol implementation can help organizations to better focus limited quality resources and counteract barriers that have hindered adoption of best practices.

Early Imaging Associated With Improved Survival in Older Patients With Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of trauma-related death and disability. Computed tomography (CT) imaging of the head is essential for diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhage. This study aimed to identify optimal time to imaging and its impact on mortality for older patients with mild TBIs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: State-wide quality collaborative data were used from level I-II trauma centers. Inclusion criteria were ICD-9/10 codes for head trauma, age ≥50, admission/emergency department Glasgow Coma Scale ≥14, injury severity score ≤20, nonfull trauma activation, and head CT imaging time between 5 and 90 min of arrival. Locally weighted scatterplot smoothing plot data were used to dichotomize patients into early and late head CT imaging cohorts. Multivariable logistic regression and negative binomial models were used to evaluate the effect of early verses late head CT on clinical outcomes. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: Mortality nadired at 35 min. Each 1-min delay in CT imaging resulted in a 2% increase in mortality (P = 0.002). Early patients had significantly reduced in-hospital mortality (P = 0.03), shorter emergency department length of stay (P < 0.001), and were more likely to receive fresh frozen plasma within 4 h if anticoagulated (P = 0.03). Teaching, high-volume, and level 2 trauma centers were all less likely to provide early head CTs (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Delay in head CT imaging in the setting of potential mild TBI was associated with an increase in mortality. A delay in diagnosis cascades into delays in delivery of therapeutic interventions. Head CT within 35 min should be evaluated as a quality metric for older patients with mild TBI.