ABSTRACT
Information about viral acute respiratory infections (ARIs) is essential for prevention, diagnosis and treatment, but it is limited in tropical developing countries. This study described the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of ARIs in children hospitalized in Vietnam. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from children with ARIs at Ho Chi Minh City Children's Hospital 2 between April 2010 and May 2011 in order to detect respiratory viruses by polymerase chain reaction. Viruses were found in 64% of 1082 patients, with 12% being co-infections. The leading detected viruses were human rhinovirus (HRV; 30%), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; 23·8%), and human bocavirus (HBoV; 7·2%). HRV was detected all year round, while RSV epidemics occurred mainly in the rainy season. Influenza A (FluA) was found in both seasons. The other viruses were predominant in the dry season. HRV was identified in children of all age groups. RSV, parainfluenza virus (PIV) 1, PIV3 and HBoV, and FluA were detected predominantly in children aged 24 months, respectively. Significant associations were found between PIV1 with croup (P < 0·005) and RSV with bronchiolitis (P < 0·005). HBoV and HRV were associated with hypoxia (P < 0·05) and RSV with retraction (P < 0·05). HRV, RSV, and HBoV were detected most frequently and they may increase the severity of ARIs in children.
Subject(s)
DNA, Viral/analysis , Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology , Respiratory Tract Infections/virology , Acute Disease , Adolescent , Bronchiolitis/virology , Child , Child, Preschool , Coinfection/epidemiology , Coinfection/virology , Cough/virology , Croup/virology , Female , Hospitalization , Human bocavirus/isolation & purification , Humans , Hypoxia/virology , Infant , Influenza A virus/isolation & purification , Influenza, Human/complications , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Male , Nasopharynx/virology , Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/isolation & purification , Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/isolation & purification , Parvoviridae Infections/complications , Parvoviridae Infections/epidemiology , Picornaviridae Infections/complications , Picornaviridae Infections/epidemiology , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/complications , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/epidemiology , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/isolation & purification , Respirovirus Infections/complications , Respirovirus Infections/epidemiology , Rhinovirus/isolation & purification , Seasons , Vietnam/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Molecular epidemiology and clinical impact of human rhinovirus (HRV) are not well documented in tropical regions. This study compared the clinical characteristics of HRV to other common viral infections and investigated the molecular epidemiology of HRV in hospitalized children with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in Vietnam. From April 2010 to May 2011, 1082 nasopharyngeal swabs were screened for respiratory viruses by PCR. VP4/VP2 sequences of HRV were further characterized. HRV was the most commonly detected virus (30%), in which 70% were diagnosed as either pneumonia or bronchiolitis. Children with single HRV infections presented with significantly higher rate of hypoxia than those infected with respiratory syncytial virus or parainfluenza virus (PIV)-3 (12·4% vs. 3·8% and 0%, respectively, P < 0·05), higher rate of chest retraction than PIV-1 (57·3% vs. 34·5%, P = 0·028), higher rate of wheezing than influenza A (63·2% vs. 42·3%, P = 0·038). HRV-C did not differ to HRV-A clinically. The genetic diversity and changes of types over time were observed and may explain the year-round circulation of HRV. One novel HRV-A type was discovered which circulated locally for several years. In conclusion, HRV showed high genetic diversity and was associated with significant morbidity and severe ARIs in hospitalized children.
