Long-lasting effect of mercury contamination on the soil microbiota and its co-selection of antibiotic resistance.

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment are an exposure risk to humans and animals and is emerging as a global public health concern. In this study, mercury (Hg) driven co-selection of ARGs was investigated under controlled conditions in two Australian non-agricultural soils with differing pH. Soils were spiked with increasing concentrations of inorganic Hg and left to age for 5 years. Both soils contained ARGs conferring resistance to tetracycline (tetA, tetB), sulphonamides (sul1), trimethoprim (dfrA1) and the ARG indicator class 1 integron-integrase gene, intI1, as measured by qPCR. The last resort antibiotic vancomycin resistance gene, vanB and quinolone resistance gene, qnrS were not detected. Hg driven co-selection of several ARGs namely intI1, tetA and tetB were observed in the alkaline soil within the tested Hg concentrations. No co-selection of the experimental ARGs was observed in the neutral pH soil. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed proliferation of Proteobacteria and Bacteriodetes in Hg contaminated neutral and alkaline soils respectively. Multivariate analyses revealed a strong effect of Hg, soil pH and organic carbon content on the co-selection of ARGs in the experimental soils. Additionally, although aging caused a significant reduction in Hg content, agriculturally important bacterial phyla such as Nitrospirae did not regrow in the contaminated soils. The results suggest that mercury can drive co-selection of ARGs in contaminated non-agricultural soils over five years of aging which is linked to soil microbiota shift and metal chemistry in the soil.

Fishborne zoonotic trematodes in raw fish dishes served in restaurants in Nam Dinh Province and Hanoi, Vietnam.

Fishborne zoonotic trematode (FZT) parasites are a serious food safety problem in Asian countries because of their tradition of eating raw fish. In northern Vietnam, the prevalence of FZT metacercariae (MC) in wild-caught and cultured fish is quite high. The objective of this study was to assess the risk for acquiring these parasites from raw fish dishes prepared in restaurants. Samples of fish meat (body muscle) and remainder parts (head, gills, fins, skin, and muscle tissue from the tail) were obtained from 39 restaurants located in Nam Dinh province, an area endemic for FZTs, and from 74 restaurants in the capital city of Hanoi. Six species of zoonotic intestinal trematodes were recovered from a total of nine freshwater and brackish water fish species. Overall, the prevalence of MC in meat samples was 6.1% and in remainder samples, 34.9%; freshwater fish were more often infected (39.4%) than brackish water species (16.0%). Dishes from Nam Dinh restaurants were more often infected (11.8%) than those from Hanoi (3.1%). The dominant trematode species, Haplorchis pumilio, exhibited a strong predilection for encystment in remainder fish parts (36.5%) compared with meat (3.9%). The mean density of MC in meat samples overall was low (1.0 to 1.5 MC per 50 g); however, the potential for parasites to accumulate over years of eating raw fish could result in significant clinical disease, as occurs with liver flukes. Also, the high densities of MC in the remainder parts (2.3 to 72.9 MC per 50 g) pose a threat for cross-contamination during dish preparation.