ABSTRACT
Biomass is an abundantly available, underutilized feedstock for the production of bulk and fine chemicals, polymers, and sustainable and biodegradable plastics that are traditionally sourced from petrochemicals. Among potential feedstocks, 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) stands out for its potential to be converted to higher-value polymeric materials such as polyethylene furandicarboxylate (PEF), a bio-based plastic alternative. In this study, the sustainable, electrocatalytic oxidation of stable furan molecule 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF) to FDCA is investigated using a variety of TEMPO derivative electrocatalysts in a mediated electrosynthetic reaction. Three TEMPO catalysts (acetamido-TEMPO, methoxy-TEMPO, and TEMPO) facilitate full conversion to FDCA in basic conditions with >90% yield and >100% Faradaic efficiency. The remaining three TEMPO catalysts (hydroxy-TEMPO, oxo-TEMPO, and amino-TEMPO) all perform intermediate oxidation of BHMF in basic conditions but do not facilitate full conversion to FDCA. On the basis of pH studies completed on all TEMPO derivatives to assess their electrochemical reversibility and response to substrate, pH and reversibility play significant roles in the catalytic ability of each catalyst, which directly influences catalyst turnover and product formation. More broadly, this study also highlights the importance of an effective and rapid electroanalytical workflow in mediated electrosynthetic reactions, demonstrating how voltammetric catalyst screening can serve as a useful tool for predicting the reactivity and efficacy of a catalyst-substrate electrochemical system.
ABSTRACT
The utility of transition metal hydride catalyzed hydrogen atom transfer (MHAT) has been widely demonstrated in organic transformations such as alkene isomerization and hydrofunctionalization reactions. However, the highly reactive nature of the hydride and radical intermediates has hindered mechanistic insight into this pivotal reaction. Recent advances in electrochemical MHAT have opened up the possibility for new analytical approaches for mechanistic diagnosis. Here, we report a voltammetric interrogation of Co-based MHAT reactivity, describing in detail the oxidative formation and reactivity of the key Co-H intermediate and its reaction with aryl alkenes. Insights from cyclic voltammetry and finite element simulations help elucidate the rate-limiting step as metal hydride formation, which we show to be widely tunable based on ligand design. Voltammetry is also suggestive of the formation of Co-alkyl intermediates and a dynamic equilibrium with the reactive neutral radical. These mechanistic studies provide information for the design of future hydrofunctionalization reactions, such as catalyst and silane choice, the relative stability of metal-alkyl species, and how hydrofunctionalization reactions utilize Co-alkyl intermediates. In summary, these studies establish an important template for studying MHAT reactions from the perspective of electrochemical kinetic frameworks.
ABSTRACT
Bioelectrocatalytic synthesis is the conversion of electrical energy into value-added products using biocatalysts. These methods merge the specificity and selectivity of biocatalysis and energy-related electrocatalysis to address challenges in the sustainable synthesis of pharmaceuticals, commodity chemicals, fuels, feedstocks and fertilizers. However, the specialized experimental setups and domain knowledge for bioelectrocatalysis pose a significant barrier to adoption. This review introduces key concepts of bioelectrosynthetic systems. We provide a tutorial on the methods of biocatalyst utilization, the setup of bioelectrosynthetic cells, and the analytical methods for assessing bioelectrocatalysts. Key applications of bioelectrosynthesis in ammonia production and small-molecule synthesis are outlined for both enzymatic and microbial systems. This review serves as a necessary introduction and resource for the non-specialist interested in bioelectrosynthetic research.
Subject(s)
Electricity , BiocatalysisABSTRACT
Transition metal catalysis hinges on the formation of metal-carbon bonds during catalytic cycles. The stability and reactivity of these bonds are what determine product chemo-, regio-, and enantioselectivity. The advent of electrosynthetic methodologies has placed the current understanding of these metal-alkyl bonds into a new environment of charged species and electrochemically induced reactivity. In this paper, we explore the often neglected impact of supporting electrolyte on homogeneous electrocatalytic mechanisms using the catalytic reduction of benzyl chlorides via Co and Fe tetraphenylporphyrins as a model reaction. The mechanism of this reaction is confirmed to proceed through the formation of the metal-alkyl intermediates. Critically, the stability of these intermediates, in both the Co and Fe systems, is found to be affected by the hydrodynamic radius of the supporting electrolyte, leading to differences in electrolyte-solvent shell. These studies provide important information for the design of electrosynthetic reactions, and provide a starting point for the rational design of functional supporting electrolytes.
