ABSTRACT
AIMS: To investigate the roles of Lats1/p-YAP1 pathway in TBI-induced neuronal apoptosis and neurological deficits in rats. RESULTS: We found that Lats1 and YAP1 were expressed in cerebral cortex neurons of Sprague-Dawley rats, and the phosphorylation levels of Lats1 and YAP1 in injured regions were significantly increased after TBI. Furthermore, inhibition of Lats1 not only decreased the level of p-YAP1, but also attenuated neuronal apoptosis and neurological impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Our work demonstrates that inhibition of Lats1/p-YAP1 pathway mitigates neuronal apoptosis and neurological deficits in a rat model of TBI.
Subject(s)
Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism , Apoptosis/physiology , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/complications , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/pathology , Nervous System Diseases/etiology , Neurons/pathology , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism , Signal Detection, Psychological/physiology , Animals , Apoptosis/drug effects , Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/genetics , Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects , Blood-Brain Barrier/pathology , Brain Edema/etiology , Brain Edema/pathology , Caspase 3/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Fluoresceins/metabolism , In Situ Nick-End Labeling , Male , Neurons/drug effects , Neurons/physiology , Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/metabolism , Phosphorylation/drug effects , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics , RNA, Small Interfering/therapeutic use , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Signal Detection, Psychological/drug effects , Time Factors , YAP-Signaling ProteinsABSTRACT
Abnormally high transcription of the glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (gdnf) gene in glioma cells is related to the hyperacetylation of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) in its promoter region II, but the mechanism remains unclear. There are three consecutive putative binding sites for the transcription factor early growth response protein 1(Egr-1) in promoter region II of the gdnf gene, and Egr-1 participates in gdnf gene transcription activation. Here we show that the acetylation level of H3K9 at Egr-1 binding sites in gdnf gene promoter region II in rat C6 astroglioma cells was significantly higher than that in normal astrocytes, and the binding capacity was also significantly higher. In C6 astroglioma cells, gdnf gene transcription significantly decreased after Egr-1 knock-down. In addition, the deletion or mutation of the Egr-1 binding site also significantly down-regulated the activity of promoter region II of this gene in vitro. When curcumin decreased the acetylation level of H3K9 at the Egr-1 binding site, the binding of Egr-1 to promoter region II and GDNF mRNA levels significantly decreased. In contrast, trichostatin A treatment significantly increased H3K9 acetylation at the Egr-1 binding site, which significantly increased both the binding of Egr-1 with promoter region II and GDNF mRNA levels. In this context, knocking down Egr-1 significantly reduced the elevation in gdnf gene transcription. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the hyperacetylation of H3K9 at Egr-1 binding sites in promoter region II of the gdnf gene can up-regulate the binding of Egr-1 to increase gdnf gene transcription in glioma cells.
Subject(s)
Early Growth Response Protein 1/physiology , Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/genetics , Glioma/genetics , Glioma/metabolism , Histone Acetyltransferases/metabolism , Histones/metabolism , Acetylation , Animals , Binding Sites , Cells, Cultured , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism , Promoter Regions, Genetic , RatsABSTRACT
The mechanism underlying abnormally high transcription of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene in glioma cells is not clear. In this study, to assess histone H3K9 acetylation levels in promoters I and II of the gdnf gene in normal human brain tissue, low- and high-grade glioma tissues, normal rat astrocytes, and rat C6 glioblastoma cells, we employed chromatin immunoprecipitation-polymerase chain reaction (ChIP-PCR), real-time PCR, and a pGL3 dual fluorescence reporter system. We also investigated the influence of treatment with curcumin, a histone acetyltransferase inhibitor, and trichostatin A (TSA), a deacetylase inhibitor, on promoter acetylation and activity and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression level of the gdnf gene in C6 cells. Compared to normal brain tissue, H3K9 acetylation in promoters I and II of the gdnf gene increased significantly in high-grade glioma tissues but not in low-grade glioma tissues. Moreover, H3K9 promoter acetylation level of the gdnf gene in C6 cells was also remarkably higher than in normal astrocytes. In C6 cells, curcumin markedly decreased promoter II acetylation and activity and GDNF mRNA expression. Conversely, all three measurements were significantly increased following TSA treatment. Our results suggest that histone H3K9 hyperacetylation in promoter II of the gdnf gene might be one of the reasons for its abnormal high transcription in glioma cells.
