Gender Differences in the Difficulty in Disengaging from Threat among Children and Adolescents With Social Anxiety.

There is some research showing that social anxiety is related with attentional bias to threat. However, others fail to find this relationship and propose that gender differences may play a role. The aim of this study was to investigate the gender differences in the subcomponents of attentional bias to threat (hypervigilance and difficulty in disengaging) among children and adolescents with social anxiety. Overall, 181 youngsters aged between 10 and 14 participated in the current study. Images of disgusted faces were used as threat stimuli in an Exogenous Cueing Task was used to measure the subcomponents of attentional bias. Additionally, the Social Anxiety Scale for Children was used to measure social anxiety. The repeated measures ANOVA showed that male participants with high social anxiety showed difficulty in disengaging from threat, but this was not the case for female participants. Our results indicated that social anxiety is more related with attentional bias to threat among male children and adolescents than females. These findings suggested that developing gender-specific treatments for social anxiety may improve treatment effects.

[Eco-environment and nutrient accumulation of sharptooth oak stands in southern slope of Mt. Qinling].

Based on the date from chemical analysis of 10,785 botanical and 1489 edaphic samples, the amount of nutrients accumulated in soil layer (0-60 cm) of sharptooth oak stands, the total biomass of the stands and their contents of accumulated nutrients, and the amount of litter and its contents of accumulated nutrients in southern slope of Mt. Qinling were calculated. To a certain extent, the biomass and the nutrient accumulation of the stands were increased with stand densities and stand ages from thin to high or from young to old, similar to the utilization efficiency of the stands to soil nutrient elements and the trunk canopy ratio. The tree composition of the stands much more influenced nutrient accumulation contents than the biomass. The more broad-leaved tree of species composition, the higher nutrient accumulation contents of stands. In the same region biomass and its nutrient contents of the stands with similar site factors and stand factors had not remarkably difference among different forest-types, but had a difference among various forest types and species composition. In different region, biomass and its nutrient contents of the stands with similar site factors and stand factors had a difference with the sequence of south slope > north slope, middle section > east section or west section. The utilization efficiency of soil nutrient elements by the stands was decreased from lower to higher elevation, from the south to north slope, from middle to east and west section.